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Storage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storage
Battery
Pros:
- density
Cons:
- price
- degradation
Outlook: going to become cheaper
Gravity Battery
Pros:
- price per MWh stored
- longevity
Cons:
- density
Types:
- Pumped storage hydroelectricity
- Solid mass:
- above ground
- crane
- Energy Vault - 20 MWh capacity, using cranes
- up/down hill railway
- crane
- underground
- Gravitricity - using deep mines. Best for shafts >300m deep. Cost: 171 USD per MWh (less than 1/2 of the cost of Li-ion battery)[1]
- above ground
Outlook: cost breakthrough is expected
Long-term storage (better scalability)
Power-to-gas
PEM - older technology, expensive
Alcaline - cheaper, more durable, more pure output gases (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_water_electrolysis)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-gas
Salt battery
https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/04/26/long-duration-storage-solution-based-on-saltwater/
LCOE: ?
good price, problem with longevity (not enought cycles)
Compressed Gas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_energy_storage
Compressed air:
https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/04/28/uk-group-develops-liquid-air-energy-storage-tech/
LCOS (levelized cost of storage) is $0.15/kWh to $0.30/kWh
Compressed CO2:
