Thermal Insulation in High Mountainous Regions
Overview
The overuse of biomass fuel as a source of energy is considered one of the main reasons for land degradation. However, in many rural regions, households have limited access to electricity and fossil fuels, and, therefore, are dependent on biomass fuels to satisfy their urgent needs for energy for cooking and heating[1]. In the scientific and development discussion about household energy efficiency, the improvement of cooking stoves has been widely addressed as a way to reduce indoor air pollution and the consumption of biomass fuel[2].
High mountainous regions with long, cold winters face an additional challenge, because most of the energy is used for heating rather than for cooking. With a warm winter room being a crucial livelihood asset, households spend a high percentage of their financial and time budget to acquire fuel for heating. Under such conditions, thermal insulation is considered to be the priority measure to reduce the loss of heat and the consumption of biomass fuel[3].
Murgab, Tajikistan
Murgab is a district center on a high plain in the Eastern part of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, Tajikistan. At an altitude of about 3,600 meters above sea level, the winters are long and temperatures reach up to minus 40°Celsius. Under these conditions, the heating of private houses is the key issue to survival. In Soviet times, the growth of the town was powered by the supply of coal and other fuel almost free of charge. The support of supply came to an abrupt end with the breakdown of the Soviet Union in 1991. People had no other choice than to use the only locally available energy source: teresken shrubs. These form the main vegetation in the area and have traditionally served as fodder for yaks and wildlife such as Marco Polo sheep grazing on the high plains. Today, many households of Murgab still depend on collecting teresken shrubs to use as their main energy source, because they cannot afford to buy imported coal and because electricity supply from a small hydro-power plant is l insufficient. This overuse of teresken shrubs has led to severe land degradation in some areas of Eastern Gorno-Badakhshan, causing erosion and reducing the productivity of pastures.
As in many other high mountainous regions, local people in the Eastern Pamirs (Tajikistan) use biomass fuels, mainly teresken shrubs, to heat their houses during the winter months. This overuse of already scarce natural resources results in serious land degradation. Since 2006, thermal insulation measures have been disseminated and financed through microloans.
How to solve the intertwined problems of land degradation and energy supply in Murgab has been a much-discussed question both in the academic and in the development cooperation community. However, this discussion mostly focuses on the energy supply side, i.e. on the substitution of teresken shrubs with other energy sources. The provision of subsidized coal is practiced by the Tajik state on a small scale, but it is not a sustainable solution because it requires continuous funding from the outside. The chances for a quick improvement of hydro-power provision are vague due to the difficult technical design, the unsteady water flow of the river, the lack of readiness to pay for electricity and high investment necessary to connect dispersed settlements to the power grid.
Less attention has been paid to the demand side and to reducing the consumption of heating energy. Generally solutions like the thermal insulation of houses and the increased efficiency of heating stoves are well known, but they are not easy to realize in a remote region like Murgab.
The case study "Thermal Insulation in High Mountainous Regions" analyzes the impacts of thermal insulation in Murgab, the main town in the Eastern Pamirs, where thermal insulation measures have been implemented in 159 households since 2008. Although clients are more interested in increased comfort than in fuel savings, according to quantitative data collected in 2010 and 2011, thermal insulation measures led to a 20% - 30% savings in heating energy on average. However, it is mainly better-off households that are aware of energy efficiency issues and willing to invest in thermal insulation. In contrast, poorer households are the main teresken users, but they rarely have their houses insulated due to a lack of awareness and a low ability to repay loans. Therefore, the approach to introducing thermal insulation has only had a small effect on teresken consumption until now.
-> More Information about the case study: BioOne Online Journal
-> More Information about Tajikistan: Tajikistan Energy Situation
Further Information
References
A Case Study of Ecological and Socioeconomic Impacts in the Eastern Pamirs, Tajikistan. Christoph Wiedemann, Stefan Salzmann, Iftikhor Mirshakarov, and Heike Volkmer.
- ↑ OECD/IEA [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/International Energy Agency] 2006. World Energy Outlook 2006. Paris, France OECD/IEA. http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/weo2006.pdf
- ↑ Mäkelä, S. 2008. Firewood-saving Stoves: A review of Stove Models Based on the Documentation on the Internet. Helsinki, Finland Liana. http://www.liana-ry.org/Liana_docs/Firewood-saving_stoves_review_by_Liana.pdf
- ↑ Nienhuys, S. 2012. Calculation Examples on Thermal Insulation Technical Working Paper Number 2. [No place:] Huys Aadvies. http://www.nienhuys.info/mediapool/49/493498/data/HA_TechWorkPaper-2_Calculation_TI_February_2012_.pdf
