Algeria Energy Situation

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Algeria
Flag of Algeria.png
Location _______.png

Capital:

Algiers

Region:

Coordinates:

28.0000° N, 2.0000° E

Total Area (km²): It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.

2,381,741

Population: It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.

45,606,480 (2023)

Rural Population (% of total population): It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.

25 (2023)

GDP (current US$): It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

239,899,491,128 (2023)

GDP Per Capita (current US$): It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population

5,260.21 (2023)

Access to Electricity (% of population): It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.

100.00 (2022)

Energy Imports Net (% of energy use): It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

-177.12 (2014)

Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total): It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.

99.98 (2014)

Source: World Bank


Introduction

Algeria is located in North Africa and borders Tunisia and Libya in the east, Niger and Mali in the south, and Mauritania, Western Sahara, and Morocco in the west. In the north, Algeria’s vast coast of over 1,200 km extends to the Mediterranean Sea. With its more than two million km² of national territory, Algeria is by far the largest North African country. However, most of its national territory is occupied by the Sahara, which explains the arrangement of population density: 90% of the population is located in the north.[1] The mild Mediterranean climate coming from the coast is replaced by a dry desert climate further south.
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Energy Situation

Energy Data

Primary Energy Supply

In 2012, Algeria produced a total amount of 143,764 ktoe of energy. The main energy sources are crude oil (49.5%) and natural gas (50.4%).[2] In comparison, the numbers concerning the renewable energies are much smaller and close to zero. Other energy sources such as coal or nuclear power are not used. As large shares of the produces energy are exported, the primary energy supply in 2012 was 46,325 ktoe.

Consumption

Algeria's total final consumption (TFC) has been steadily increasing in recent years. While in 2010 the energy consumption added up to around 31,500 ktoe, in 2013 it had increased to 38,543 ktoe[3], which means that the country has seen an increase of 22% in just three years.
Taking a closer look at various sectors, the residential sector (including agriculture) is the one which consumes the most energy (43%), followed by the transport sector (36%) and the industry sector (21%). More detailed figures are outlined in the table below.

Table 1: Final energy consumption in Jordan in 2012 and 2013 by sector (ktoe)[4]

Sector 2012 2013 Change in %
Industry 7,939 8,229 +3.7
Transport 13,371 13,889 +3.9
Residential 15,068 16,425 +9.0
Total 36,377 38,543 +6.0


Import and Export

Algeria is a net exporting country. In the region, it is an important producer of hydrocarbons and also exports large amounts of natural gas to Europe. In 2012 , Algeria imported a total of 5,031 ktoe, of which 4,639 ktoe were oil products. These amounts appear minor compared to the exports, which added up to 46,325 ktoe. The exports were mostly crude oil, oil products and natural gas.[5]

Subsidies

Algeria does not export all of its natural gas and oil production, but also relies on it for domestic consumption. Both resources are heavily subsidized. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), altogether, subsidies were at 18.3 % of GDP in 2012. Of this figure, 3.4 percentage points were subsidies for natural gas, 4.0 percentage points for electricity and 4.7 percentage points for petroleum products (including diesel, gasoline and LPG).[6]

Renewable Energy

Although there is a high potential for the use of solar energy in Algeria, there are hardly any solar power plants so far. According to the MENA Renewables status report 2013 by REN21 the installed capacity of Photovoltaics (PV) was 7.1 MW in 2010 and 25 MW in 2012 of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP).[7] The report also gives estimates for capacity of renewable energy projects in the pipeline. For solar power, a capacity of 175 MW in the pipeline was estimated as well as 20 MW of wind power. However, the figures issued by the Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREE) are higher: They state an estimated capacity of 370 MW of solar power in the pipeline (all CSP) and 210 MW of wind power.[8]
Although there is some installed capacity of hydro power (228 MW), this energy source only plays a marginal role due to limited precipitation and high evaporation.
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Electricity Situation

Between 1963 and 2007 – not even half a century of development – Algeria chronicles an enormous rise in the demand of electricity. Whereas electricity consumption in the early 1960’s was less than a single TWh, it has risen to 30 TWh in 2007.[9] However, the rise in consumption has been quite stable recently, slowly rising by about 5.6% per annum. According to CREG, there are two possible scenarios that the Algerian energy sector might be facing. On one hand there is the medium scenario predicting a rise in demand of about 7,800 MW, on the other hand there is the strong scenario predicting a rise of about 11,200 MW.[10] The first prediciton is a rather moderate one, projecting a steady but fair continuation of the current trend in the rise of energy demand, assuming that the economy is developing in a similar slow and controllable way.[11] The second and rather drastic forecast reckons with a strong and lasting reanimation of the economy, thus challenging the task to meet future energy demands.[12] Depending on the scenario, energy needs could bounce up to spomething between 7.8% and 9.1% until 2017.[13] Between 2001 and 2011, electricity production rose from 26,250 GWh [14] to 48,900 GWh.[15] Between 2010 and 2011 there was an increase of 8.2%. The maximum power demand was 8,606 MW, registered on 8 August 2011. This is an increase of 11.5% as compared to 2010. At the end of 2011, the installed capacity of electricity generation reached 11,524 MW, 10,926 MW of which was connected to the national transmission grid. Electricity sales increased by 8.7% to 38,900 GWh in 2011, as compared to 2010. The total number of customers rose in 2011 by 297,470 to 7,115,550.[16] It appears that this development is mainly due to the economic growth that Algeria has experienced along the way.[17]As Table 3 shows below, main source for the production of electricity is gas with a relativ percentage to the total amount produced of over 97%. Although there are other minor sources of electricity, such as oil and hydro-power, a similar picture as seen in the tables above is being created, suggesting a rather one-sided production and supply (in this case) of electricity.
Table 3: Electricity Production and Supply of Algeria (2011)[18]:

Energy Source in GWh in%2,3
Coal 0
Oil 2,816 2
Gas 47,906 97.7
Biomass 0
Waste 0
Nuclear 0
Hydro 502 0.7
Geothermal 0 0
Solar PV 0 0
Solar thermal 0 0
Wind 0 0
Tide 0 0
Other Sources 0 0
Total Production 51,224
Imports 657 0.9
Exports -799 -0.9
Domestic Supply 51,082

2In relation to the amount given by "Total Production" 3Total may not add up due to roundings and overlapping percentages.
According to the CREG Rapport d'activité of 2010 and the Rapport d'activité of 2011, the percental share of electricity production among the state-run and independent producers (IPP) looks as follows: Production sorted by operator in 2010[19] and 2011[20]:

Operator % (2010) % (2011)

Sonelgaz Production d'Electricité (SPE)

54

56

Sharikat Kahraba Hadjrat-Ennous (SKH)

21

20

Sharikat Kahraba Skikda (SKS)

13

12

Sharikat Kahraba Berrouaghia (SKB)

6

6

Kahrama

6

5

Solar Power Plant One (SPP1)

-

1

Sharikat Kahraba Terga (SKT)

-

0,16

CEVITAL

-

0,001

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Electricity Grid

According to the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Algeria has an extensive AC network that spreads throughout the country.[21] In 2012 the total length of the transmission network was 23,802 km which was an increase of 6.29% in comparision to 2011.[22] Within this context, Sonelgaz is the transmission grid operator with electricity making up about 84% of its business.[23] Sonelgaz has not only focused on the densely populated north but has also made efforts to reach down south.[24] While the electrification rate was 57% in 1977, 96% of the country has now access to electricity. Algeria is connected with neighbouring grids of Tunisia and Morocco also by a 440 kV line each.[25][26] ►Go to Top

Transmission & Distribution

In terms of the distribution grid, there are several operators providing Algeria with electricity. To offer some overview, the involved players and their functions in the process of transmitting and distributing energy are listed below.
Energy distribution by company and the respective activity[27]:

Company Activity

Sonelgaz

National electricity production, commercialisation and distribution of natural gas

Algerian Energy Company (AEC)

Electricity production, commercialisation, energy transport and distribution, desalination of sea water and telecommunications

KAHRAKIB

Studies on and realisation of high tension electricity infrastructure

KAHRIF

Works on electrification

KANAGHAZ

Studies on and realisation of canalisation and gas transportation


The electricity distribution itself is organised by four companies: "La société de distribution de l'ouest (SDO)", "la société de distribution du centre (SDC)", "la société de distribution d'Alger (SDA)" and "la société de l'est (SDE)". ►Go to Top

Market Situation for Energy Technologies and Services

Although state-run gas and electricity company Sonelgaz considers energy prices to be far too cheap, prices are set by the likewise state-run regulatory commission CREG and thus add up 0.04583 €/kWh (4,1789 DZD/kWh).[28] Although the energy market has officially been liberalised, energy supply is still dominated by state-owned enterprises (mainly in form of the just mentioned companies under the Sonelgaz Group), with the exception of a few private enterprises in which Sonelgaz is mostly a major stakeholder.[29] Despite the insufficient but highly expendable use of renewable energy, the Ministry of Energy and Mining of Algeria has published an ambitious renewable energy and energy efficiency programme dating March, 2011. The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program includes the idea of installing up to 22,000 MW of power generating capacity from renewable resources until 2030. The ministry assumes that the percentage of renewable energy will be 40% of the electricity prodiced for domestic consumption. While 12,000 MW are destined for the domestic market, the other 10,000 MW are intended for export. According to the ministry, solar power has the highest potential in Algeria. In comparision wind, biogass, geothermal and hydropower energies play a minor role but wind farms and experimental projects in biomass and geothermal energy were also drive forth. [30] Till 2012 the installed capacity of renewabel energy accounted for 253 MW which is 2.2% of the total installed capacity. While hydro power amounts to 228 MW, 25 MW accounts for CSP. For the most part, the installed capacity is ascribe to fossil fuel, namly 97.8%.[31] The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program targets to develop about 60 solar photovoltaic and concentrating solar power plants, wind farms and hybrid power plants till 2020 which should be carried out in three phases. The first phase started in 2011 and was envisaged to test different technologies. The second phase will start in 2014. From then on, the deployment of the program will start which is followed by the last phase starting in 2016 when large-scale deployment of the programm will be conducted.[30] Regarding energy efficiency the program aims to achieve a couple of projects such as the improvement of heat insulation of buildings, the development of solar water heating, the promotion of LPG and NG fuels as well as co-generation. Moreover the program seeks to spread the use of low energy consumption lamps and converse simply cycle power plants to combined cycles power plans. And lastly Algeria intends to develop solar cooling systems and desalinate brackish water using renewable energy.[30] The renewable energy & energy efficiency partnership (REEEP) suggests that due to future rises in energy consumption and the necessary expansion of power generating capacities, the relevance of independent power producers (IPP's) will heavily increase. REEEP is expecting for the IPP's to contribute to further expansions with up to 70%.[32] The Algerian electricity market is regulated by CREG, functioning under the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) Go To Top

Key Problems of the Energy Sector

Two major problems that are indirectly linked to the energy sector are the decaying infrastructure limiting mobility, and a rapid population growth that is adding further tension to the situation due to a certain inability of providing services and a lack of ability or willingness to pay for electricity, while the unemployment rate is simultaneously rising, as well.[33] The current situation in the electricity sector is characterised by accumulated delays in the launching and realisation of projects. This poses problems for decision making and project management.[34] ►Go to Top

Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy

The general approach and strategy intended by the Algerian Ministry of Energy and Mines is constituted by decree no. 07-266, dating the 9th of September 2007.[35] It represents one of the main basic modules, describing the function and role of the Ministry with respect to the intentions of the Algerian government. In Article 1, the Ministry commits to the elaboration of political and strategic research, the production and valorisation of hydrocarbon, mineral and energetic resources and the embedding of the respective industry in this sector.[36] In Article 5 it furthermore commits to the necessary studies and research and the promotion of sources of renewable energy.[37] ►Go to Top

Important Laws and Regulations

Due to the increasing importance of renewable energies, Algeria has created a legal framework concerning the promotion and exploitation of renewable energy. The foundation of this legal framework is given by the following legal documents:[38]

  • Law no. 99-09 concerning energy cuts (July 28th, 1999)
  • Law no. 02-01 concerning electricity and distribution of gas (February 5th, 2002)
  • Law no. 04-09 concerning the promotion and exploitation of renewable energies in the context of sustainable development (August 14th, 2004)
  • Executive decree no. 04-92 concerning the application of a subsidisation of renewable energy based electricity production
  • Special purposes account no. 302-131, titled Fonds National pour les Energies Renouvelables, comprised in article 63 of the budgetary law of 2010
  • Executive decree no. 13-218 (June 18th, 2013) fixing the conditions for the access to premiums for renewable energy production.

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Specific Strategies (Biomass, Renewable Energies, Rural Electrification, Energy Access Strategy etc.)

Especially the law concerning energy cuts is worth mentioning, for it secures the direct and indirect promotion and support of the deployment and exploitation of renewable energies in the form of financial, fiscal and customs-wise perquisites. Moreover, Algeria has founded the "Algerian Institute of Renewable Energies" (IAER), a public establishment of industrial nature under the authority of the Algerian Ministry of Energy. The founding of this organisation has been recorded by decree of the Ministry of Energy and Mines in January 2011.[39] Supporting policies of renewable energy include public competitive biddings for large scale private projects and Feed-in Tariffs which were adopted by law No. 02-01 in 2002[31] No project has been operational under the FiT law till now. Renewable energy plants were financed or subsidised by public funds or international development partners.[40] In addition Décret exécutif 04-92 mentioned serveral supporting policies such as tendering, quota and premiums. But so far instruments have not been operational. Net-metering policy for small scale renewable energy project are not available.[31] ►Go to Top

Institutional Setup in the Energy Sector

Governmental Institutions

The Algerian energy sector is politically represented by the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). MEM is the most important player in the Algerian energy sector. Its mandate is given by decree no. 07-266 of 2010, assuring the ministry’s responsibility of elaboration and implementation of policies and strategies in the context of research, exploitation, production and usage of minerals and energy sources.[41] MEM is assured control of the energy sector. Public institutions and organisations are subordinated to it.[42] MEM is thus engaged in the domains of production, transport, sale and distribution. MEM’s function also comprises the superintendence of the Fonds National des Energies Renouvelables (FNER) and the Fonds National de la Maitrise de l’Energie (FNME).[43] On the basis of article 63 of the budgetary law, the FNER was found in 2010 and is financed by 0,5% of revenues gained from the export of fossil energy resources.[44] It is institutionalised by the special purposes account no. 302-131. In a more global context, the funds main task is the reinforced development of renewable energies in Algeria. A very particular notice should be given to the fewer institutions that deal with renewable energy and energy efficiency. Although the trend and global awareness of these issues has mainly grown in the last decade, some efforts have been made to approach them in earlier times. L’Agence Nationale pour la Promotion et la Rationalisation de l’Utilisation de l’Energie (APRUE), e.g., was already found in 1985.[45] According to decree no. 99-09, dating July 28th 1999, APRUE's main tasks include amonst others the implementation of the Programme National de Maîtrisse de l'Energie (PNME) and sectorial projects involving partnerships with other sectors (e.g. industry, transportation).[46] Having said that, the descirption of competencies and missions are formulated quite vaguely. Another organisation that should be mentioned explicitly is the New Energy Algeria (NEAL) that was found in 2002.[47] Its function mainly involves the production and development of renewable energies, the establishment of win-win partenerships within the framework of technology-cooperations, and the consultation of national and international enterprises dealing with renewable energies and energy efficiency.[48] ►Go to Top

State-owned Enterprises

The Algerian energy sector is characterized by a few company networks with national enterprises numerously scattered over the respective branches of the energy sector.
The hydrocarbon and petroleum branch mainly consists of the Groupe SONATRACH, a dominating organisation dealing with the exploitation, transportation and commercialisation of oil and gas products. The subordinated company NAFTAL SPA is a national petrol station chain and is owned 100% by SONATRACH, which itself was found by the government in 1963 (presidential decree no. 63 - 491 December 31st, 1963).[49] SONATRACH is the main player in terms of oil and gaz production and is - despite the fact that it is officially to be a commercial entity - a state-owned company of Algeria with the state being the sole shareholder of SONATRACH.[50] Overall, the SONATRACH group is made up of 29 subordinated companies and organisations.[51] Just as SONATRACH, Groupe SONELGAZ, responsible for the production and commercialisation of electricity and the national distribution of natural gaz, is likewise state-owned. Together, the two companies are the most important and influential players in the algerian energy sector. In 2001, the found the Algerian Energy Company (AEC)[52], whose main task it is to produce, commercialise, transport and distribute electricity throughout Algeria. Being a part of the SONELGAZ group, the Société Algérienne de Production de l'Electricité (SPE) is in charge of electricity production, as well,[53] whereas the electricity transportation is mainly carried out by the Société Algérienne de Gestion du Réseau de Transport de l'Electricité (SGTE).[54] In total, the SONELGAZ group consists of 38 subordinated companies and organisations.[55] ►Go to Top

Activities of Other Donors, Activities of NGOs

Algeria's range of foreign donors and their acitivities and forms of support are quite big. Amongst other external donors, such as the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programm (UNDP), the African Development Bank (ADB), the USA, Canada, and Japan, the European Union is among the most active donors.[56] Apart from the individual effort of several EU-member states (e.g. Italy, Spain, and Belgium), the European Investement Bank (EIB) and the European Commission (EC) have contributed decisive support in the recent decades.[57] The work of GIZ focus on sustainable economic development including consultancy of small and medium enterprises and industry zones. Moreover ressource managemant, climate change, water and mirco finances are prioritized. ►Go to Top

Existing Projects

Renewable energy development programme (German version): The renewable energy development programme of Algeria schedules a massive increase in the energy production from renewable energy sources until 2030. According to the Ministry of Energy and Mines, this programme will be arranged in four major phases:[58]

  1. Installed power capacity of 110 MW by 2013
  2. Expansion of installed power capacity up to 650 MW by 2015
  3. By 2020 and yet another phase of capacity development, available capacity for demostic needs is expected to be about 2,600 MW, whereas another 2,000 MW are supposed to be ready for export
  4. By year 2030 available capacity for domestic needs are envisioned to grow up to 12,000 MW. Export-ready capacities are scheduled to be about 10.000 MW.

Projects in the planning phase or under implementation:

  • Hassi R'MEL CSP Centrale Hybride, operator: Abener & NEAL, total capacity: 150 MW, operating since june 2011
  • AlSol, CSP solar Tower, total capacity: 3 MW, under construction
  • Wind farm of Adrar, operator: Sonelgaz, total capacity: 10 MW
  • Electrification of 16 villages with individual PV kits, operator: Sonelgaz and CEEG, total capacity: 5 MW
  • Fabrication of PV modules, operator: Sonelgaz/ Rouiba Eclairage, total production capacity: 116 MWp/ year, start: 2014


Energy efficiency programme: The energy efficiency programme is big step for Algeria towards an eco-friendly energy policy, showing that an ecologically sensitive use of already existing energy resources are just as important as developing new sources of exploitation.[59] The announced goal is to provide the same service as usual - but with less energy being used in the process of it.[60] Planned provisions to facilitate the desired energy efficiency include thermal insulation in domestic households, an extensive use of energy-saving lamps, efficient public lighting by using sodium vapour lamps, and the promotion of liquid petroleum gas (LPG) as fuel. Furthermore, public commercial vehicles are planned to run with natural gas by 2020. For the moment, a research pilot has been launched in Algier to test the feasibility of this vision. By 2020, all major cities in Algeria are planned to follow this lead. Last but not least a rather ambitious plan is to develop air conditioning technology running with solar power - although this idea is only at the outset and only exists in form of preliminary research, it can be considered to be one of the most changing reforms regarding the high usage of air conditions during summer months. ►Go to Top

Further Information

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References

  1. ↑ Deutsche Außenhandelskammer (German Chamber of Foreign Trade - AHK), Last Updated: 2011, Access: September 16, 2011, URL: http://algerien.ahk.de/algerien/
  2. ↑ http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=ALGERIA&product=Balances
  3. ↑ http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=ALGERIA&product=Balances
  4. ↑ http://www.mem-algeria.org/fr/statistiques/Bilan_Energetique_National_2013_edition_2014.pdf
  5. ↑ http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=ALGERIA&product=Balances&year=2012
  6. ↑ http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2014/cr14342.pdf
  7. ↑ http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/activities/Regional%20Reports/MENA_2013_lowres.pdf
  8. ↑ http://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/algeria_fact_sheet_print.pdf
  9. ↑ Commission de Régulation de l’Electricité et du Gaz (CREG) (2008), „Programme indicatif des besoins en moyens de production d’électricité 2008 – 2017“, pg. 10
  10. ↑ Comission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2010, "Rapport d'activité 2010", Algiers: pg. 36.
  11. ↑ Commission de Régulation de l’Electricité et du Gaz (CREG) (2008), „Programme indicatif des besoins en moyens de production d’électricité 2008 – 2017“, pg. 10-11
  12. ↑ Commission de Régulation de l’Electricité et du Gaz (CREG) (2008), „Programme indicatif des besoins en moyens de production d’électricité 2008 – 2017“, pg. 10-11
  13. ↑ Commission de Régulation de l’Electricité et du Gaz (CREG) (2008), „Programme indicatif des besoins en moyens de production d’électricité 2008 – 2017“, pg. 11
  14. ↑ Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (MEM), Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 20, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=perspectives-de-developpement
  15. ↑ Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2011, Rapport d'activité 2011, Algiers: pg. 11.
  16. ↑ Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2011, Rapport d'activité 2011, Algiers: pg. 11-14.
  17. ↑ Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (MEM), Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 20, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=perspectives-de-developpement
  18. ↑ International Energy Agency, ©2013, "Electricity/Heat in Algeria 2009", Last updated: - , Accessed: June 28, 2013, URL:http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=DZ
  19. ↑ Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2010, Rapport d'activité 2010, Algiers: pg. 16.
  20. ↑ Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2011, Rapport d'activité 2011, Algiers: pg. 11.
  21. ↑ Wuppertal Institute of Climate, Environment and Energy (2010), "Algeria - A Future Supplier of Electricity from Renewable Energies for Europe?", pg. 27
  22. ↑ Sonelgaz: Chiffres clés 2012, Reseaux d'Electricité, http://www.sonelgaz.dz/article.php3?id_article=637
  23. ↑ Sonelgaz: Rapport d’activité 2011, http://www.sonelgaz.dz/IMG/file/Rapportdactivite2011.pdf
  24. ↑ Wuppertal Institute of Climate, Environment and Energy (2010), "Algeria - A Future Supplier of Electricity from Renewable Energies for Europe?", pg. 27
  25. ↑ Wuppertal Institute of Climate, Environment and Energy (2010), "Algeria - A Future Supplier of Electricity from Renewable Energies for Europe?", pg. 27
  26. ↑ Euro-Mediterranean Energy Market Ingeration Project, Last Update: September 08, 2011, Accessed: September 20, 2011, URL: http://www.medemip.eu/WebPages/Common/showpage.aspx?pageid=184
  27. ↑ Ministère des l'Energies et des Mines (MEM), 2012, "Distribution de l'Energie", Accessed: 17th of June, 2012, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=distribution-de-l-energie
  28. ↑ German-Algerian Chamber of Industry and Commerce (2010), "AHK-Geschäftsreise Algerien - Geschäftschancen für deutsche Unternehmen im Bereich Photovoltaik, Solarthermie und CSP", pg. 1
  29. ↑ German-Algerian Chamber of Industry and Commerce (2010), "AHK-Geschäftsreise Algerien - Geschäftschancen für deutsche Unternehmen im Bereich Photovoltaik, Solarthermie und CSP", pg. 1
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Ministry of Energy and Mining: The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program. March, 2011. http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/uploads/enr/Programme_ENR_et_efficacite_energetique_en.pdf
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 RCREEE Algeria Renewable Energy Profile 2012: http://www.rcreee.org/member-states/algeria/ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "RCREEE Algeria Renewable Energy Profile 2012: http://www.rcreee.org/member-states/algeria/" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "RCREEE Algeria Renewable Energy Profile 2012: http://www.rcreee.org/member-states/algeria/" defined multiple times with different content
  32. ↑ Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP), 2012, Policy DB Details: Algeria (2012), accessed: June 18th, 2012, URL: http://www.reeep.org/index.php?id=9353&special=viewitem&cid=120
  33. ↑ U.S. Department of State - Diplomacy in Action (2011), "Background note: Algeria", Last Updated: February 17, 2011, Accessed: September 30, 2011, URL: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/8005.htm
  34. ↑ Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2011, Rapport d'activité 2011, Algiers: pg. 16.
  35. ↑ Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2007), "Décret exécutif n° 07-266 du 27 Chaâbane 1428 correspondant au 9 Septembre 2007 fixant "Les attributions du Ministre de l'Energie et des Mines"", Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 30, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php?page=missions-et-domaines-d-activites
  36. ↑ Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2007), "Décret exécutif n° 07-266 du 27 Chaâbane 1428 correspondant au 9 Septembre 2007 fixant "Les attributions du Ministre de l'Energie et des Mines"", Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 30, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php?page=missions-et-domaines-d-activites
  37. ↑ Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2007), "Décret exécutif n° 07-266 du 27 Chaâbane 1428 correspondant au 9 Septembre 2007 fixant "Les attributions du Ministre de l'Energie et des Mines"", Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 30, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php?page=missions-et-domaines-d-activites
  38. ↑ Minstère de l'Energie et des Mines (2011), "Programm for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency", pg. 28
  39. ↑ Ministère d’Energie et des Mines (January 27, 2011), „Décret exécutif n°11-33 du 27 janvier 2011 portant création, organisation et fonctionnement de l’institut algérien des énergies renouvelables“
  40. ↑ World Future Council (WFC)/The HeinrichfckLRBöll Stiftung: Powering Africa through Feed-in Tariffs, February 2013, http://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Feed_in_Tariff/Powering_Africa_through_Feed-in_Tariffs.pdf
  41. ↑ Richter, A., Buss, I., Dedorath, G., (2012), Capacity Assessment (Evaluation des Capacités du Secteur des Energies Renouvelables en Algérie, Berlin et al.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, pg. 25
  42. ↑ Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, "Décret exécutif n° 07-266 du 27 Chaâbane 1428 correspondant au 9 Septembre 2007 fixant "Les attributions du Ministre de l'Energie et des Mines"", Last Updated: -, Accessed: September 30, 2007, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php?page=missions-et-domaines-d-activites
  43. ↑ Richter, A., Buss, I., Dedorath, G., (2012), Capacity Assessment (Evaluation des Capacités du Secteur des Energies Renouvelables en Algérie, Berlin et al.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, pg. 25
  44. ↑ (ibid.)
  45. ↑ L’Agence Nationale pour la Promotion et la Rationalisation de l’Utilisation de l’Energie (APRUE), 2010, "Qui sommes nous?", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.aprue.org.dz/maitrise-energetique.html
  46. ↑ L’Agence Nationale pour la Promotion et la Rationalisation de l’Utilisation de l’Energie (APRUE), 2010, "Qui sommes nous?", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.aprue.org.dz/maitrise-energetique.html
  47. ↑ New Energy Algeria Spa (NEAL) (2010), "Qui sommes-nous?", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.neal-dz.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=275&Itemid=124&lang=fr
  48. ↑ New Energy Algeria Spa (NEAL) (2010), "Qui sommes-nous?", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.neal-dz.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=271&Itemid=123&lang=fr
  49. ↑ SONATRACH (2010), "Elements d'histoire des Hydrocarbures en Algerie", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.sonatrach-dz.com/NEW/histoire.html
  50. ↑ El-Katiri, Dr. Mohammed (2010, 5), "Special Series - Sonatrach: An International Giant in the Making", Shrivenham (England): Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, pg. 3
  51. ↑ Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, "Les Entreprises du Secteur", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=les-entreprises-du-secteur
  52. ↑ Algerian Energy Company (AEC) (2011), "Présentation de l'Activite", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.aec.dz/site/home.php
  53. ↑ Groupe SONELGAZ Spa, "Scoiété Algérienne de Production de l'Electricité", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.sonelgaz.dz/article.php3?id_article=67
  54. ↑ Groupe SONELGAZ Sap, "Société Algérienne de Gestion du Réseau de Transport de l'Electricité", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.sonelgaz.dz/article.php3?id_article=68
  55. ↑ Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, "Les Entreprises du Secteur", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=les-entreprises-du-secteur
  56. ↑ European Union (2007), "European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument - Algeria", pg. 17
  57. ↑ European Union (2007), "European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument - Algeria", pg. 13-17
  58. ↑ Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2011), "Programm für Erneuerbare Energien und Energieeffizienz", pg. 9
  59. ↑ Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2011), "Programm für Erneuerbare Energien und Energieeffizienz", pg. 14
  60. ↑ Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2011), "Programm für Erneuerbare Energien und Energieeffizienz", pg. 14

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