Energy Access Figures
Overview
In the article at hand energy access and investment needs figures from various sources, published at different times, are summarized. This article is only meant to give a rough overview of existing reliable sources concerning energy access for electricity and cooking energy and investment needed to provide universal access to energy, on a worldwide and regional scale. The presented sources use different input data, different methodologies and different regional aggregates for their calculations and estimates, thus a comparison of calculation and estimation outcomes is difficult and is beyond the scope of this article.
Electricity Access
Lack of Access to Electricity Worldwide (Absolute Numbers)
Source | Present (data from) |
Future |
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2022[1] |
2010: 1.2 billion 2020: 733 million |
2030: ~670 Million |
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2020[2] |
2010: 1.2 billion 2018: 789 million |
2030: ~620 Million |
IEA WEO 2019 Executive Summary[3] | ~ 1 billion | |
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2019[4] |
2010: 1.2 billion 2017: 840 million |
2030: ~650 Million |
Practical Action 2018[5] |
2000: 1.7 billion 2016: 1.1 billion |
2030: 674 million |
IEA WEO 2018[6] | 2018: below 1 billion | |
Global Tracking Framework 2017[7] |
2014: 1.06 billion |
|
IEA WEO 2016[8] |
2014: 1.2 billion |
2030: 780 million |
Global Tracking Framework 2015[9] |
2012: 1.1 billion |
|
IEA WEO 2015[10] |
2013: 1.2 billion |
2030: 810 mio |
IEA WEO 2014[11] |
2012: 1.285 billion |
2030: 969 million |
Global Tracking Framework 2013[12] |
2011: about 1.2 billion |
|
IEA WEO 2013[13] |
2011: 1.257 billion |
|
IEA WEO 2012[14] |
2010: 1.267 billion |
2030: 991 million |
IEA WEO 2011[15] |
2009: 1.317 billion |
2030: 1,036 billion |
IEA WEO 2010[16] |
2009: 1.441 billion | 2030: 1.213 billion |
Practical Action 2012[17] |
2009/2010: 1.5 billion |
2030: 900 million |
United National General Assembly (UN GA) 2010[18] |
2009/2010: 1.5 billion |
|
International Institute for Applied Systems |
2010: 1.4 billion |
|
World Health Orgnaisation (WHO) 2009[20] |
2009: 1.5 billion |
|
UN Secretary-General´s Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change (AGECC) 2010[21] |
2009: About 1.5 billion |
|
Lack of Access to Electricity Regional (Absolute Numbers)
Source |
Sub-Saharan Africa |
Developing Asia |
Latin America | |||
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2022[1] | 2020: 568 Million | |||||
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2020[2] |
2018: 548 Million |
|||||
IEA Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2019[22] |
Southeast Asia: 2019 - 45 Million |
Southeast Asia: 2030 - 0 |
||||
IEA African Energy Outlook 2019[23] |
2013 - 610 Million 2018 - 595 Million |
2030 - 530 million | ||||
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2019[4] |
2019 - 573 Million | |||||
IEA WEO 2017[24] |
2000 - 532 Million 2016 - 588 Million |
2030 - 602 Million |
2000 - 1059 Million 2016 - 439 Million |
2030 - 54 Million |
2000 - 56 Million 2016 - 17 Million |
2030 - 4 Million |
IEA WEO 2016[8] |
2014 - 632 mio |
2030: 619 2040: 489 |
2014 - 512 million |
2030: 166 2040: 51 |
2014 - 22
|
2030: 0 2040: 0 |
IEA WEO 2015[25] |
2013 - 634 mio |
2013 - 525 mio |
2030 - 185 mio 2040 - 50 mio |
|||
IEA WEO 2014 [11] |
622 mio |
2040: 530 mio |
2012: 620 mio |
|
2012: 23 mio |
|
IEA WEO 2013[13] |
2011 599 mio |
2030 645 mio |
2011 615 mio |
2030 324 mio |
2011 24 mio |
2030 0 mio |
IEA WEO 2012[14] |
2010 589 mio |
2030 655 mio |
2010 628 mio |
2030 334 mio |
2010 29 mio |
2030 0 mio |
IEA WEO 2011[15] |
2009 586 mio |
2030 645 mio |
2009 675 mio |
2030 376 mio |
2009 31 mio |
2030 10 mio |
IEA WEO 2010[16] |
2009 585 |
2030 652 mio |
2009 799 mio |
2030 545 mio. |
2009 31 mio |
2030 10 mio |
Access to Electricity Worldwide (% of Population)
Source |
Present (data from) |
Future | |||
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2022[1] | Urban
|
Rural
|
|||
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2020[2] |
Total 2010 - 83% 2018: 90% |
Urban 2018 - 97% |
Rural 2010 - 70% 2018 - 80% |
||
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2019[4] |
Total 2010 - 83% 2017 - 89% |
Urban 2017 - 97% |
Rural 2017 - 79% |
||
Global Tracking Framework 2018[26] | Total 2016 - 88% | Urban 2016 - 88% | Rural - 48% | Total 2030 - 92% | |
IEA WEO 2017[24] | Total 2000 - 73% | Total 2016 - 86% | Total 2030 - 92% | ||
Global Tracking Framework 2017[7] | 2014 - 85,3% | ||||
IEA WEO 2016[8] |
2014 - 79% |
||||
IEO WEO 2015[27] |
2013 |
||||
Global Tracking Framework 2015[9] |
total 2012: 85,0% |
||||
Global Tracking Framwork (UN SE4All) 2013[28] |
Total 2010: 83% |
Rural 2010: 70% |
Urban 2010: 95% |
||
University Denver, Paterns of Potential Human Progress (PPHP) 2013[29] |
Total 2010: 78% |
Total 2035: 89% | Total 2060: 95% | ||
IEA WEO 2012[14] |
Total 2010: 81% |
Total 2030: 88% | |||
IEA WEO 2014[11] | Total 2012: 82% |
Access to Electricity Regional (% of Population)
Source |
Africa |
Asia |
Latin America | ||||
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2022[30] | Sub Saharan Africa: 48% | ||||||
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2020[2] | Total 2018 |
Sub Saharan Africa - 47% Sub Saharan Africa in 2010 - 34%
|
Eastern Asia and South-eastern Asia > 98% Central Asia and Southern Asia > 92%
|
Latin America and the Caribbean > 98% | |||
IEA African Energy Outlook 2019[23][23] |
2018 North Africa - ~100% Sub-Saharan Africa - 45% West Africa - 53% Southern Africa - 48% |
||||||
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2019[4] |
Total 2017 |
Central & South Asia 91% Eastern & Southeastern Asia 98% |
Latin America and the Caribbean 98%
| ||||
Global Tracking Framework (UN SE4All) 2015[31] |
Total 2012 |
Sub-Saharan 35% |
Caucasus and Central Asia 100% |
Latin America and Caribbean 96% | |||
Rural 2012 |
Sub-Saharan 15% |
Caucasus and Central Asia 100% |
Latin America and Caribbean 87% | ||||
Urban |
Sub-Saharan 69% |
Caucasus and Central Asia 100% |
Latin America and Caribbean 99% | ||||
Global Tracking Framework (UN SE4All) 2013[28] |
Total |
|
|
| |||
Rural |
|
|
| ||||
Urban |
|
|
| ||||
|
Sub-Saharan Africa |
Developing Asia |
Latin America | ||||
IEA WEO 2017[24] |
2000 - 34% 2016 - 52% |
2030 - 64% |
2000 - 67% 2016 - 89% |
2030 - 99% |
2000 - 87% 2016 - 97 % |
2030 - 99% | |
IEA WEO 2016[8] |
2014 - 35% |
2014 - 86% |
2014 - 95% |
||||
IEA WEO 2015[11] |
Total Asia 2013: 85% |
2013 95% |
|||||
IEA WEO 2014[11] |
2012 32% |
2040 |
2012 83% |
|
2012 95% |
| |
IEA WEO 2012[14] |
2010 32% |
2030 52% |
2010 82% |
2030 92% |
2010 94% |
2030 100% | |
IEA WEO 2011[15] |
2009 31% |
2030 51% |
2009 81% |
2030 91% |
2009 93% |
2030 98% | |
IEA WEO 2010[16] | 2009 31% | 2030 50% | 2009 78% | 2030 88% | 2009 73% | 2030 98% |
Access to Clean Cooking Energy
People Relying on Traditional Biomass Worldwide (Absolute Numbers)
Source |
Present (data from) |
Future |
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2022[1] | 2020: 2.4 billion | 2030: >2.1 billion |
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2020[2] |
2010: 3 billion 2018: 2.8 billion (2.4-3.3) |
2030: 2.3 billion |
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2019[4] |
2010: 2.96 billion 2017: 2.90 billion |
2030: 2.2 billion |
Poor People's Energy Outlook 2018[5] | 2018: 3 billion | |
IEA WEO 2017[24] | 2017: 2.5 billion | 2030: 2.3 billion |
The Energy Progress Report 2018[26] | 2016: 2.98 billion | |
Global Tracking Framework 2017[7] |
2014: 3.04 billion | |
IEA WEO 2016[8] |
2014: 2.7 billion | 2040: 1.8 billion |
Global Tracking Framework (UN SE4All) 2015[31] |
2012: about 2.9 billion |
|
IEA WEO 2014[11] |
2012: 2,679 mio |
|
IEA WEO 2013[13] |
2011: 2.642 billion1 |
2030: 2.524 billion |
IEA WEO 2012[14] |
2010: 2.588 billion |
2030: 2.595 billion |
IEA WEO 2011[15] |
2009: 2.662 billion |
2030: 2.715 billion |
IEA WEO 2010[16] |
2009: 2.679 billion |
2030: 2.8 billion |
IIASA GEA 2012[32] |
2009: about 2.7 billion |
(Based on IEA 2010) |
Practical Action 2012[17] |
2010: nearly 3 billion |
2030: 3 billion |
Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC)[33] |
2009: (solid fuels) about 3 billion |
|
WHO 2011[34] |
2009: (solid fuels) about 3 billion |
|
UN Energy[35] |
2013: (solid fuels) about 3 billion |
|
AGECC 2010[21] |
2009: (solid fuels) appr. 3 billion |
|
UN GA 2010[18] |
2009/2010: 3 billion |
1 Increased number of people relying on traditional use of biomass (from WEO 2012 to WEO 2013) is caused by population number upward revision for India.
Cooking with Traditional Biomass Worldwide (% of Population)
Source | Present | Future | |||
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2020[2] |
2010 - 44% 2018 - 37% |
||||
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2019[4] |
2017 - 40% |
2030 - 26% |
|||
IEA WEO 2017[24] |
2017 - 2.5 billion (38% of global population) |
||||
IEA WEO 2016[8] |
2014: 2.742 billion (38%) |
2030: 2.585 billion 2040: 2.159 billion |
|||
IEA WEO 2014[11] |
Total 2012: 2,7 billion people (38%) |
||||
IEA WEO 2012[14] |
Total 2010: 49% |
Total 2030: 39% |
|
People Relying on Traditional Biomass Regional (Absolute Numbers)
Source |
Sub-Saharan Africa |
Developing Asia |
Latin America | |||
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2020[2] |
2010 - 750 million (730–750) 2018 - 890 million (870–910) |
Eastern and South-eastern Asia: 2010 - 1.0 billion (0.8–1.2) 2018 - 0.8 billion (0.5–1.1) Central and Southern Asia: 2010 - 1.11 billion (0.9–1.3) 2018 - 1 billion (0.7-1.3) |
||||
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2019[4] |
2010 - <750 Million 2017 - ~900 Million |
2030 - ~900 Million | 2030 - >1.2 Billion | |||
IEA Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2019[22] |
Southeast Asia: 2040 - 175 Million |
|||||
IEA African Energy Outlook 2019[23] |
2018 - 900 million | 2030 - 1 billion | ||||
IEA WEO 2017[24] |
2015 - 848 million 2017 - 780 million |
2030 - 910 million |
2015 - 1874 million 2017 - 1.65 billio |
2030 - 1338 million | 2015 - 59 million | 2030 - 45 million |
IEA WEO 2016[8] |
2014: 792 million |
2030: 908 million 2040: 844 million | 2014: 1.875 billion | 2030: 1.600 billion 2040: 1.242 billion | 2014: 65 million | 2030: 65 2040: 60 |
IEA WEO 2014[11] |
2012 728 mio |
2040 650 mio |
2012 1,875 mio |
|
2012 68 mio |
|
IEA WEO 2013[13] |
2011 696 mio |
2030 881 mio |
2011 1,869 mio |
2030 1,582 mio |
2011 68 mio |
2030 53 mio |
IEA WEO 2012[14] |
2010 696 mio |
2030 883 mio |
2010 1,814 mio |
2030 1,640 mio |
2010 65 mio |
2030 62 mio |
IEA WEO 2011[15] |
2009 653 mio |
2030 918 mio |
2009 1,921 mio |
2030 1,769 mio |
2009 85 mio |
2030 79 mio |
IEA WEO 2010[16] |
2009 653 mio |
2030 918 mio |
2009 1.937 mio |
2030 1.769 mio |
2009 85 mio |
2030 79 mio |
Cooking with Traditional Biomass Regional (% of Population)
Source |
Sub-Saharan Africa |
Developing Asia |
Latin America | |||
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2020[2] | 2018 - 85% | |||||
IEA African Energy Outlook 2019[23][23] |
2018 - 70% | |||||
IEA WEO 2017[24] | 2015 - 71% | 2030 - 54% | 2015 - 49% | 2030 - 31% | 2015 - 12% | 2030 - 8% |
IEA WEO 2016[8] |
2014: 81% |
2014: 50% |
2014: 14% |
|||
IEA WEO 2014[11] |
2012 80%
|
|
2012 51% |
|
2012 15% |
|
IEA WEO 2012[14] |
2010 81% |
2030 65% |
2010 51% |
2030 39% |
2010 14% |
2030 11% |
IEA WEO 2011[15] |
2009 78% |
2030 67% |
2009 54% |
2030 41% |
2009 19% |
2030 14% |
IEA WEO 2010[16] |
2009 80% | 2030 70% | 2009 55% | 2030 62% | 2009 18% | 2030 14% |
Access to Non-solid-biofuels Worldwide (% of Population)
Source | Present | ||
Global Tracking Framework (UN SE4All) 2015[31] |
Total 2012: 59% |
Rural 2012: 27% |
Urban 2012: 87% |
Global Tracking Framework (UN SE4All) 2013[28] |
Total 2010: 59% |
Rural 2010: 35% |
Urban 2010: 84% |
Access to Non-solid Fuels Regional (% of Population)
Source |
Africa |
Asia |
Latin America | ||
Global Tracking Framework (UN SE4All 2015) [31] |
Total 2012 |
Sub-Saharan 18% |
Caucasus and Central Asia 85% |
Latin America and Caribbean 86% | |
Rural |
Sub-Saharan 7% |
Caucasus and Central Asia 74% |
Latin America and Caribbean 52% | ||
Urban |
Sub-Saharan 37% |
Caucasus and Central Asia 98% |
Latin America and Caribbean 94% | ||
Global Tracking Framework (UN SE4All) 2013[28] |
Total |
|
|
| |
Rural |
|
|
| ||
Urban |
|
|
|
Access to Clean Cooking Fuels and Technologies (% of Population)
Source | Present | Future | |||
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2022[1] | 2020: 69% (64-73%) | 2030: 75% | |||
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2020[2] |
2010 - 56% (52-61%) 2018 - 63% (56-68%) |
Urban: 2018 - 83% (76-87%) |
Rural: 2018 - 37% (30-45%) |
2030: 70% |
|
IEA Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2019[22] |
Southeast Asia 2010 - 45% 2018 - 62% |
||||
IEA African Energy Outlook 2019[23][23] |
Africa 2015 - 15% 2018 - 17% |
||||
Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2019[4] |
2010 - 57% 2017 - 61% |
Urban: 2019 - ~83% |
Rural: 2019 - ~34% |
||
The Energy Progress Report 2018[26] | 2016 - 59.3% | ||||
Global Tracking Framework 2017[7] |
2014 - 57.4% |
||||
Global Tracking Framework 2015 [31] |
2012 - 56.5% |
||||
PPHP 2013[29] |
Total 2010: 57% |
Total 2035: 78% |
Total 2060: 88% |
Mortality from Household Air Pollution
In the year 2012, household air pollution (HAP) from cooking with solid fuels was responsible for 4.3 million deaths. This makes this risk factor the largest environmental contributor to ill health. The importance of household air pollution as a public health threat varies drastically according to the level of development: in low- and middle-income countries, household air pollution is responsible for almost 10% of the mortality, while the same risk factor is only responsible for 0.2% of deaths in high-income countries.[36]
Total Deaths by Region (absolute numbers)
Global |
Africa |
South East Asia |
Europe |
America |
Eastern Mediterranean |
Western Pacific |
4,3 mio |
600,000 |
1,69 mio |
99,000 |
81,000 |
200,000 |
1,62 mio |
Source: WHO (2014): Burden of Disease from Household Air Polllution for 2012. [37]
Global: 3.5 million premature deaths each year.[38]
In 2019: 3.2 million deaths from diseases caused by h ousehold air pollution including ischemic heart disease, stroke, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancers)[1]
Deaths Attributable to HAP by Age and Sex
Children < 5yr: 534,00 (13%)
Women >25yr: 1,767,000 (41%)
Men >25 yr: 1,991,000 (46%)
Although women experience higher personal exposure levels than men and therefore higher relative risk to develop adverse health outcomes due to their greater involvement in daily cooking activities, the absolute burden is larger in men due to larger underlying disease rates in men.[39]
Necessary Investment for Universal Access to Modern Energy Services
As part of WEO-2017 a new Energy for All Case is planned, which will highlight the progress achieved since this analysis from WEO-2012 and the gap left to be covered.[40]
Additional Average Annual Investment Needed for Total / Universal Energy Access
Source |
Annually |
comments |
Global Tracking Framework(UN SE4All) 2015[31] |
Required 49,4 billion USD p.a |
|
Global Tracking Framework (UN SE4All) 2013[28] |
33.9 billion USD |
|
|
from 2010 34 billion USD (in total 1 trillion USD (296 billion USD in new policies) 640 billion USD) |
|
AGECC 2010[21] |
35-40 billion USD |
|
Pachauri et al 2012[41] |
65 – 86 billion USD |
(only grid–access and LPG-like cooking) |
Electricity
Additional average annual investment needed for total universal electricity access regional, in billion USD
Source |
Global |
Africa |
Asia |
Latin America |
Global Tracking Framework (UN SE4All) 2015 [31] |
Required to 2030: |
|||
Global Tracking Framework (UN SE4All) 2013[28] |
30.1 bn USD |
SSA 19.1 bn USD |
EA & Oce 0.4 bn USD SA 9.2 bn USD SEA 1.3 bn USD |
|
IEA WEO 2011[15] |
30.5 bn USD |
SSA 18.5 bn USD |
Dev. A. 11.5 bn USD only India 6.4 bn USD |
0.3 bn USD |
Ruijven et al. 2012[42] |
From 2010 - 2030 238 – 400 bn USD |
SSA 6.1 – 10.2 bn USD |
Asia 1.4 – 2.5 bn USD |
LA 4.3 – 7.1 bn USD |
SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa, Dev. A.: Developing Asia, EA: East Asia, Oce: Oceania, SA: Southern Asia, SEA: South-Eastern Asia
Electricity Access for All - Proposed share of necessary annual investment needed per technology
Source | Technology | Investment needed per year |
IEA WEO 2011[15] |
|
|
Cooking Energy
Additional average annual investment needed to achieve universal access to clean cooking facilities, regional, in billion USD
Source |
Global |
Africa |
Asia |
Latin America |
Global Tracking Framework (UN SE4All) 2015[31] |
4.4 bn USD total investment p.a. |
|||
Global Tracking Framework (UN SE4All) 2013[28] |
3.8 bn USD |
SSA 1.1 bn USD ME & NAf 0.01 bn USD
|
EA & Oce 0.9 bn USD SA 1.2 bn USD SEA 0.4 bn USD |
0.2 bn USD |
IEA WEO 2011[15] |
3.5 bn USD |
SSA 1.1 bn USD |
Dev. A. 2.3 bn USD only India 0.8 bn USD only China 0.8 bn USD |
0.2 bn USD |
SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa, Dev. A.: Developing Asia, EA: East Asia, Oce: Oceania, SA: Southern Asia, SEA: South-Eastern Asia, ME: Middle East, NAf: North Africa
Clean Cooking Facilities for All - Proposed share of necessary annual investment needed per technology
Source | Technology | Necessary annual investment |
IEA WEO 2011[15] |
|
|
Further Information
- Access to Modern Energy
- Energy access portal on energypedia
- Energy Poverty
- Facts on Cooking Energy
- Figures on Energy Poverty
- Estimating energy demand of the energy poor
- Future scenarios of energy access
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 International Energy Agency (IEA), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), The World Bank, World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Tracking SDG7 – The Energy Progress Report 2022. Retrieved from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/energy/publication/tracking-sdg-7-the-energy-progress-report-2022
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 International Energy Agency (IEA), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), The World Bank, World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Tracking SDG7 – The Energy Progress Report 2020. Retrieved from: https://irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2020/May/SDG7Tracking_Energy_Progress_2020.pdf
- ↑ International Energy Agency (IEA). (2019). World Energy Outlook 2019 Executive Summary. Retrieved from: https://webstore.iea.org/download/summary/2467?fileName=English-Summary-WEO2019.pdf
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 International Energy Agency (IEA), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), World Bank (WB), World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2019. Retrieved from: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/2019-Tracking%20SDG7-Full%20Report.pdf
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Stevens, L. Mele, P. Hooper, L. Santangelo, E. Taylor, C. & Leopold, A. (2019). Poor People’s Energy Outlook 2018. Retrieved from: https://tinyurl.com/y35mgvnd
- ↑ Population without access to electricity falls below 1 billion.” [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2018/october/population-without-access-to-electricity-falls-below-1-billion.html. [Accessed: 18-Jan-2019].
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Global Tracking Framework Report 2017. http://gtf.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/eegp17-01_gtf_full_report_for_web_0516.pdf Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
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tag; name "Global Tracking Framework Report 2017" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 International Energy Agency, ed. World Energy Outlook 2016. Paris: OECD, 2016. http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WorldEnergyOutlook2016ExecutiveSummaryEnglish.pdf.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Global Tracking Framework Report 2015. http://gtf.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/gtf-2105-full-report.pdf
- ↑ OECD/IEA (2015): World Energy Outlook http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/energy/world-energy-outlook-2015_weo-2015-en
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 OECD/IEA (2014): World Energy Outlook 2014 http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2014/
- ↑ http://trackingenergy4all.worldbank.org/~/media/GIAWB/GTF/Documents/GTF-2013-Full-Report.pdf
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Source: OECD/IEA (2013): World Energy Outlook 2013. http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2013/
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Source: OECD/IEA (2012): World Energy Outlook 2012. http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2012/
- ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 Source: OECD/IEA (2011): Energy for All – Financing Access for the Poor. Special early excerpt of the World Energy Outlook 2011. Updated estimates of the OECD/IEA 2010. http://www.iea.org/papers/2011/weo2011_energy_for_all.pdf
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 OECD/IEA World Energy Outlook 2010. http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2010/fckLR Cite error: Invalid
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tag; name "OECD/IEA World Energy Outlook 2010. http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2010/" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 17.0 17.1 Practical Action (2012): Poor People’s Energy Outlook: http://practicalaction.org/ppeo2012-report
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 UN General Assembly - International Year for Sustainable Energy for All, 11 November 2010, Sixty-fifth session, Second Committee
- ↑ Source: IIASA GEA 2012: Global Energy Assessment- Towards a Sustainable Future, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
- ↑ Source: WHO – The Energy Access Situation in developing countries. A Review Focusing on the Least Developed Countries and Sub-Saharan Africa (November 2009)
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 AGECC Report 2010: Energy for a sustainable future: http://www.un-energy.org/publications/558-agecc-report-energy-for-a-sustainable-future
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Matsumura, W. Gallarati, L. Nobuoka, Y. Slade, M. Jordan, M. Lopez, L. Hungerford, Z. Kristiansen, R. Tanaka, Y. Vithayasrichareon, P. Wittenstein, M. Waldron, M. Sarazola, L.A. (2019). Southeast Aisa Energy Outlook 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.iea.org/reports/southeast-asia-energy-outlook-2019
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 Cozzi, L. Bouckaert, S. Kim, T.Y. McNamara, K. Gould, T. Sarazola, L.A. Arsalane, Y. Contejean, A. Goodson, T. Walton, M.A. (2019). African Energy Outlook 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.iea.org/reports/africa-energy-outlook-2019
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 Daly, H. & Walton, M.A. (2017). Energy Access Outlook 2017 – From Poverty to Prosperity. Retrieved From: https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2017SpecialReport_EnergyAccessOutlook.pdf
- ↑ http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/energy/world-energy-outlook-2015_weo-2015-en
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Johnson, L.K. (2018). Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2018. Retrieved from: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/tracking_sdg7-the_energy_progress_report_full_report.pdf
- ↑ http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/energy/world-energy-outlook-2015_weo-2015-en
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 UN SE4All Global Tracking Report, Data based on IEA 2012, the data is based on National household surveys; WB global electrification database, 2012 ; WHO household energy database, 2012
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 PPhP (2014), Patterns of Potential Human Progress, Volume 4, Frederick S. Pardee Center for International Futures University Denver
- ↑ International Energy Agency (IEA), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), The World Bank, World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Tracking SDG7 – The Energy Progress Report 2022. Retrieved from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/energy/publication/tracking-sdg-7-the-energy-progress-report-2022
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 Global Tracking Report 2015: http://gtf.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/gtf-2105-full-report.pdf
- ↑ Source: IIASA GEA 2012: Global Energy Assessment- Towards a Sustainable Future, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
- ↑ Source: GACC, Issue – Environmnet, [online] http://www.cleancookstoves.org/our-work/the-issues/ last accessed 11/11/2013
- ↑ Source: WHO, Indoor air pollution and health, September 2011 [online] http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/en/
- ↑ http://www.un-energy.org/cluster/energy_access
- ↑ WHO - Global Health Observatory Data http://www.who.int/gho/phe/indoor_air_pollution/burden_text/en/
- ↑ http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/HAP_BoD_results_March2014.pdf?ua=1
- ↑ International Energy Agency, ed. World Energy Outlook Special Report: Energy and Air Pollution. Paris: OECD, 2016. https://bit.ly/2joGnSs.
- ↑ WHO (2014): Burden of Disease from Household Air Pollution for 2012. http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/HAP_BoD_results_March2014.pdf?ua=1
- ↑ International Energy Agency. ‘World Energy Outlook - Energy Access Projections’, 2016. http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/energyaccessprojections/.fckLR
- ↑ Source: Pauchauri et al (2013), Pathways to achieve universal household access to modern energy by 2030, Environmental Research Letters 8
- ↑ Source: B.J. Ruijven, J. Schers, D.P. van Vuuren: Model-based scenarios for rural electrification in devloping countries, (2012), Energy 38 386-397