Tanzania Energy Situation

Overview

United Republic of Tanzania
	Location Algeria.png
Capital	Dodoma (6° 10′ 23″ S, 35° 44′ 31″ E)
Official language(s)	Swahili, English
Government	Republic
President	Jakaya Kikwete
Prime Minister	Mizengo Pinda
Total area	945,203 km2
Population	42,746,620 (2010 estimate)
Population below poverty line	36%
urban/rural ratio	25%/75%
GDP (nominal)	$23.295 billion (2010 estimate)
GDP Per capita (2006, current prices)	$560
GDP growth rate	> 6%
investment profile	17,6% of GDP
Currency	Tanzanian shilling (TZS)
Time zone	EAT (UTC+3)
Calling code	+255
Human Development Index	0,40
commercial bank lending rates	15%
mobile phone penetration	14,723,000

Situation analysis and framework conditions

Tanzania has abundant and diverse indigenous energy resources which are yet to be fully exploited. The sources include; wood fuel and other biomass fuels, hydropower, natural gas, coal, uranium, wind, geothermal and solar.

Tanzania’s energy supply depends mainly on biomass. Since 85-90% of the population are not connected to the electricity grid, the overwhelming majority of households use wood and charcoal for cooking. As a total, biomass makes up close to 90% of the total primary energy consumption in Tanzania. Unfortunately, this leads to the deforestation of 100,000 h per year, of which only about a quarter is reforested. Other energy sources are petroleum, which makes up 7.8% of total primary energy consumption, natural gas (2.4%), hydropower (1.2%) and coal/peat (0.3%). About 6.6 percent of primary energy needs to be imported, primarily from Uganda (8 MW) and Zambia (5 MW).

Electricity makes up only 0.6% of total energy consumption. In 2008, 4,414 GWh of electricity were generated in Tanzania, of which 2,655 GWh from hydropower, 1600 GWh from natural gas, 119 GWh from coal and 40 GWh from petroleum. Total installed capacity amounted to 1,219 MW, of which 561 MW was hydropower and 658 MW thermal power.

Out of Tanzania's 41.5 million inhabitants, so far only 12 percent of urban and 2 percent of rural areas are electrified, which means that less than 10 percent have access to grid-based electricity or other forms of commercial electricity.The national electricity connectivity is about 14%; though, it is expected that electricity demand will triple by 2020. On the supply side, TANESCO increased connections by almost 66,000 in 2010 bringing the total number of it's customers to 868,953 by the end of 2010. REA currently (2011) implements grid extension projects initially benefitting 20,000 new customers.  In the current setting demand will therefore even more outpace supply.

Moreover, Tanzania’s electricity sector faces another important challenge since it is heavily dependent on hydropower, which means that energy provision cannot be ascertained in times of drought.

This was clearly visible in the years 2010/2011, where recurring droughts effectively removed around 420 MW from a system of around 900 MW, forcing the country to endure a programme of load shedding coupled with unplanned outages. With consequently suppressed sales the countries' utility TANESCO financial situation became increasingly parlous (on top of economic losses for non productivity to the country as a whole).This led to the design of an 572 MW Emergency Power Plan at the end of 2011, to be fully fueled by liquid fossil fuels (HFO, JetA1, diesel) at (fuel) costs varying from 30-43 ct/kWhThese are to be financed by TANESCO tariff revenues and through government guaranteed loans, leading to an increasing weaker financial position of TANESCO. There is quite some critique on the EPP because it does not take into account planned natural gas supply projects, dispersed capacity owned by the private sector, and power projects to be commisioned already in the short and medium term. In general there is a disconnect between expected power demand (both unconstrained -1089 MW- and constrained) and the total generation capacity (1855 MW) proposed by the EPP.

Problem situation

About 50% of the population lives in poverty, out of which 35% is unable to access all of the basic needs including energy services. Available data reveals that the poor spend about 35% of their household income on energy while the better off spends only 14%. Lack of access to modern energy services creates a vicious cycle of poverty for rural communities due to continued limited production opportunities and social facilities.

Renewable energies

Solar energy

Tanzanian Solar industry has been fast growing over the last years. This is attributed to many factors, including frequent modern energy crisis in the country, increased level of awareness in some communities where promotional projects are in progress, globalization that has exposed rural Tanzanians to ICT and the growth of the number of organizations and commercial institutions operating in areas without electricity.

As of 2007, the total installed electricity generation from solar energy was estimated at around 1.7 MW. While in year 2005, for the first time, Tanzania crossed sales of 100 kWp per annum, the following year 2006, the sales doubled to more that 200 kWp. The situation indicates a positive growth in the sector which can also be seen from the number of companies operating in the industry. While the number of such companies was less than 3 in 1995, the number in 2007 is more than 20 companies. A number of promotional projects are also available in the country including two ongoing projects to remove market barriers: Sida/MEM and UNDP/GEF Mwanza.

Being in a “solar belt”, most parts of Tanzania have abundant solar resources throughout the whole year with the low point occuring in July. The lowest annual average is 15 MJ or 4.2 kWh/m2/day and the highest is 24 MJ or 6.7kWh/m2/day. With such high level of solar energy resource, Tanzania is naturally suitable for application of solar energy as a viable alternative source for modern energy services supply for rural electrification and in general. A Tanzania Renewable Energy Association exists. However, solar power has so far not yet been used for commercial power generation.

For information on challenges and issues affecting the exploitation of solar energy in Tanzania, click here.

Solar energy: best practice case study

The Uzi solar PV project started with baseline data collection on existing energy options, analysis of average household energy demands and feasible power options for the island. Solar PV system happened to be more relevant for the island. Fifty households were identified to participate in a pilot project. These households were divided into groups of 5 and each group provided with a 120 Wp solar PV module, a 10 A charge controller and an inverter. The households were responsible for buying their individual batteries. The houses were supposed to be within 300 metres from the selected central household where the module was installed.  Each household was designated one day per week to charge its battery and return to connect it to his household circuit. The energy in the battery was enough to take them through out the week. For customers with televisions, they are allowed to charge two days a week.

For more information on the impacts and benefits of the project, click here.

Hydropower

At the moment about 45% of power generated in Tanzania comes from hydro. Over the years the power sector of Tanzania has been dominated by hydropower. However, poor rains in the past few years resulted in a shortage of water to the turbine generating electricity. This was further aggravated by agricultural activities that were going on upstream. As such, Tanzania embarked on a deliberated measure to forge an energy mix which will ensure reliable availability of power for the economy. This deliberate measure involves promotion of increased use of renewable energy technologies (solar, wind, biomass, wastes, micro hydro), natural gas and other locally available energy sources including coal and geothermal.

Estimated total hydro potential in Tanzania is 4700 MW. By end of 2006 installed hydro power was 561 MW. A list of existing hydropower plants can be found in table 1.

Table 1: Hydropower plants in Tanzania as of June 2007. Source: TANESCO 2007.

Station	Units	Size (in MW)	Installed capacity (in MW)	System
Kidatu	4	51	204	Great Ruaha River
Kihansi	3	60	180	Kihansi River
Mtera	2	40	80	Great Ruaha River
New Pangani falls	2	34	68	River Pangani
Hale	2	10.5	21	River Pangani
Nyumba ya Mungu	2	4	8	River Pangani
Sub Total Hydro		198.5	561

Tanzania also imports electricity from Uganda (8 MW) and Zambia (5 MW). For a list of existing hydro plants in Tanzania, click here. There are also about 4.7 MW privately installed micro hydropower plants in Tanzania. 

Planned large hydro's are at Ruhudji (360 MW), Rumakali (22 MW), ans Stieglers Gorge (2,100 MW). Small Hydro Power (smaller than 10 MW) so far has been only exploited up to 8 MW by TANESCO and private developers, whereas its potential is estimated at 315 MW, but interest seems to be increasing. Studies also taking into account economic aspects highlight a variety of sites that could produce electricity at competitive cost to supply power to the national grid and through mini-grids to villages in the community.

For information on challenges and issues affecting the exploitation of hydropower in Tanzania, click here.

Biomass

More than 90% of energy consumption in Tanzania is from biomass. About 35 million hectares of forests are available in Tanzania, 13 million hectares of which are gazetted (protected) forest reserves. The remaining are forests on public lands in village areas making them an option for wood fuel supply. The supply potential of wood fuel is declining rapidly country wide causing scarcity of energy to low income families and environment degradation in areas where harvesting of wood fuel exceeds the growing stock potential. Different studies and reports put wood fuel consumption in Tanzania in 2005 at 46.2 million m³ of solid round wood. Most of the biomass resource comes from forests which are composed of different types including; Montane-Submontane (highlands, the eastern arc Mountains– Tao la Milima ya Mashariki), Ground water forests (Manyara), Miombo (closed miombo and woodlands), Coastal forests, Zanzibar-Inhambane, Itigi thickets, Savannah (the Serengeti plains) and plantations (Sao Hill Iringa).

Specific study findings have revealed that Tanzania has the capacity to generate more than 200 MW of electricity per annum from sugarcane residues (baggase), in four sugar factories namely Mtibwa, Kilombero, Kagera and TPC. Currently Mtibwa generates 7 MW although it has the capacity to generate 15MW. Plans are to generate 9 MW by the end of the year 2007. TPC has invested in the power plant and is able to generate 15 MW of which 7MW will be fed into the national grid.

Moreover, 35 hectares of forest are exploited for firewood and charcoal. The wood products are also used for paper and timber which leaves after processing a waste stream that can also be used for energy generation.

Stove projects are ongoing, TATEDO is an important player. CAMARTEC houses the Tanzania Domestic Biogas Program (part of the HIVOS/SNV Africa Biogas Partnership Program. For further information clickhere. 

Further initiatives include:

• Mgololo Paper industry in Iringa Region generates about 40MW from wood residues. The energy is used in running paper making machinery.
• Tanzania Wattle industry in Njombe generates about 2.5 MW from Wattle tree residues fed into the national grid. The industry is planning to generate 15 MW and sell to TANESCO. Research has established that 2.4 kg of wattle fire wood can generate 1 kWh of electricity. It is promoted to encourage more small industries to generate electricity from biomass.
• More than 2000 biogas plants are reported installed in the country for both heating and lighting processes. Of recent the use of biogas for electricity generation has been started at Katani Ltd in Tanga region. By August 2007, a total of 150kW will be generated. Promotion is under way to get most of the sisal factories to generate electricity as the potential stands at 400MW.
• Dar es salaam City is planning a 3 MW waste to energy generation plant.

For information on challenges and issues affecting the exploitation of biomass in Tanzania, click here.

Improved mud stoves: best practice case study

The improved mud stoves interventionat Madale Youth Centre has allowed reduction of firewood consumption to between 50 and 60%. The households now need only one bundle of fire wood against the three bundles they used before with three stone stoves. On the other hand cooking time has also decreased substantially and equally important the level of deforestation. Adoption rate has been 96% following the fact that already 48 households out of 50 are currently using improved mud stoves. As at the time of reporting, the remaining two families were also finalizing construction of the mud improved wood stoves under consideration.

For more information on the impacts and benefits of the project, click here.

Biofuels

Farming for Energy for Better Livelihoods in Southern Africa (FELISA) in Kigoma, is involved in palm oil production for energy. Their main objective is to produce bio fuels for motive power amounting to 9,000 tons per annum but also generate electricity to 10 MW from Palm oil fruit cakes. In order to achieve their objectives, FELISA is developing 5000 hectares but also promoting palm oil out growers who will also benefit from the project. Jatropha production is progressing.

Other initiatives include the National service in a process of planting 600 hectares of Jatropha to generate seeds that will be used in promotion of the crop. Furthermore, KAKUTE of Arusha is also promoting Jatropha by buying Jatropha seeds and processing biofuel from them for different uses. Also, plans exist to use Tanzania's land resources to cultivate jatropha and palm kernel for the use as biofuels. International actors in Jatropha are e.g. the Dutch private company Dilligent and the German PROKON, which has mobilized 1800 farmers to plant Jatrropha with an agreement to buy seeds from them for bio diesel production. Both focus on developing sustainable and profitable cultivation and use of Jatropha oil in the local energy system and (some) export.

But care must also be taken as the failure of the multimillion Sun Biofuels project has shown. Guidelines, policy and regulatory framework for biofuels in Tanzania are currently under development. 

Wind

As of 2007, wind resource assessment was on-going in Tanzania. Most of the wind data recorded between the 1970s and 1990s is not reliable for electricity generation due to a number of factors including unsuitable locations (airports) and height of data recording equipment (1.8-2m). Other sources of wind data were the agricultural research centres and water departments which also recorded wind data at about 2m height.
It is expected that with the eastern coastline (about 800 km) with the Indian Ocean, some promising wind speeds for energy production are possible. Areas along rift valleys, southern highlands and along Lake Victoria are reported to have some possibilities of potential wind sites.

According to Climatological statistics for East Africa given by the East Africa Meteorological Department in September 1975, the annual average wind speeds vary from 2.1m/s in Morogoro region to 6.3m/s in Tanga region for 17 regions in Tanzania. The data shows the mean wind speeds to be; for Tanga (6.3 m/s), Mtwara (5.7 m/s), Dar es salaam (5.4 m/s), Mbeya (5.4 m/s) and Mwanza (4.9 m/s). Others are Lindi (4.6 m/s), Ruvuma (4.5 m/s) and Mara (4.3 m/s).

On-going wind studies in the country with consideration of surface roughness at measuring sites and heights in excess of 30 m high, have already revealed some more potential sites for wind farms in Tanzania. Available data is mostly from 10 m masts of Tanzania Meteorological Agency stations, and much of it is not suitable for predicting output ofwind farms. Nevertheless, results are promising in a number of sites with average speeds exceeding 8 m/s in certain locations. As an example wind data for Singida region and Makambako in Iringa Region have revealed wind speed of about 8 m/s which is good and more promising for electricity generation at reasonable costs. Other areas with wind speed in excess of 4.5 m/s are Mkumbara, Karatu and Same.

As of June 2009, there was no grid connected wind system in Tanzania and two known projects of over 50 MW in planning stages. (as per end of 2011 the joint energy sector review mentions "the Singida site should come on stream in 2012") Use of off-grid wind energy in Tanzania has been established for decades. At least 150 wind-pumping systems have been installed by missionary projects, communities and private individuals. There is a lack of comprehensive data about wind resources in Tanzania, and any developer of projects or seller of wind equipment will need to focus on gathering quality data.

For information on challenges and issues affecting the exploitation of wind energy in Tanzania, click here.

Fossil fuels

Tanzania’s fossil fuel resources comprise natural gas and coal. In 2008, Tanzania exploited 21,383 TJ of natural gas and 90 kt of coal. The gas is used mainly for power generation (84%), the rest is used by the domestic industry.Tanzania does not have own oil resources and imports are currently only able to cover 70% of the total demand. The main consumer of oil products is the transport sector.

Thermal power

A total of 251 MW is the net effective capacity of TANESCO thermal generating plants. Thermal plants include: Ubungo gas turbines and Ubungo diesel plants both in Dar es Salaam, Independent Power Tanzania Limited plants at Tegeta in Dar es Salaam, isolated remote diesel plants (Mwanza, Kigoma, Mtwara, Ikwiriri and Mafia, just to mention a few), Kiwira Coal Mine Company Limited in Mbeya and Tanzania Wattle Limited of Njombe in Iringa Region.

Natural gas

Proven natural gas reserves in Tanzania are estimated at more than 45 billion m³. Natural gas deposits in Tanzania are found at Songo Songo in Lindi region, Mnazi bay in Mtwara Region and Mkuranga in Coast Region. The reserves at Songo Songo and Mnazi bay are estimated at 30 and 15 billion m³ respectively. A 232 km gas pipeline from Songo Songo Island to Dar es salaam has been constructed and is supplying natural gas for power generation and other industrial thermal processes.

• The Songas Project is currently producing around 200 MW of electricity using natural gas.
• Some of the Dar es Salaam based industries using Natural Gas for thermal applications include Cement factories, Textiles, Breweries, Glass, Aluminium industry, etc.
• Plans are underway to expand natural gas use for power generation & other industrial applications.

Challenges/issues affecting exploitation of Natural Gas in Tanzania

A number of challenges/ issues affect exploitation of natural gas technologies in Tanzania:

• Limited technical know-how.
• High initial and investment costs for the technologies.
• Limited awareness and exposure to the existence and potentials of the technology of Tanzanians.
• Lack of financial facilities for energy investments.
• Lack of consideration and capability to calculate life cycle costs of different energy options for Tanzanians.

LPG

Currently, five major suppliers of gas share the market namely BP Gas, Oryx Gas, Alpha, Mohan Gas and Pan African/TPDC which is piloting bottling and distribution of natural gas. In particular in cities the LPG sector is growing; for instance in Kinondoni Municipality of Dar City, where mostly middle class families live, gas kiosks can be found less than a kilometre from each other.

Coal

Tanzania coal reserves are estimated at about 1,200 million tonnes of which 304 million tones are proven. Main coal reserves are at Kiwira, Mchuchuma and Katewaka. The available coal is bituminous with an average ash content of about 25% and calorific value of about 28MJ/Kg. Some coal from Kiwira is used to generate about 6 MW of electricity, it is also used in industries like cement and textile for heat processes. Kiwira Coal 100 MW Project has the capacity to produce 200 MW. Opportunities exist to promote use of clean coal briquettes for cooking in public institutions and households as a possible substitute to biomass fuels.
The Government of Tanzania is strategizing the option to generate electricity using Mchuchuma coal in collaboration with private sector.

Challenges/issues affecting exploitation of Coal in Tanzania

A number of challenges/ issues affect exploitation of Coal technologies in Tanzania:

• Limited technical know how.
• High initial and investment costs for the technologies.
• Limited awareness and exposure to the existence and potentials of the technology of Tanzanians.
• Lack of financial facilities for energy investments.
• Lack of consideration and capability to calculate life cycle costs of different energy options for Tanzanians.
• Limited political will.
• Environment and safety issues of the technology

Multifunctional platforms: best practice case study

The Chemi chemi group women in Bitale village and many other rural communities in Kigoma region spend a considerable time and energy to process palm oil from palm fruits.

After a baseline study, awareness campaigns were staged in the village on various energy options (including Multifunctional Platforms (MFP)) to support their activities. The women group expressed a desire for a MFP. UNDP/GVEP project provided the MFP on revolving fund basis where, after repayment the funds would go to another village. The MFP is a power tiller which is able to till land, carries farm produce, does milling, pumps water and can generate electricity. Other separate units for cracking palm nuts and palm oil processing including sterilization and clarification are also available. Provision of the units was followed by capacity building i.e. demonstration and training on how to install, use and maintain.

For more information on the impacts and benefits of the project, click here.

Energy situation

Primary fuels in urban areas

Lighting

	Dar	other urban areas
Electricity for lighting	56 %	28 %
Fuel for lighting	40 %	70 %

Cooking

	Dar	other urban areas
Firefood	5 %	34 %
Charchoal	70 %	55 %
Kerosene	12 %	7 %
Electricity	2 %	1 %

Primary fuels in rural areas

Lighting

Electricity for lighting	1.4 %
Fuel for lighting	90.4 %

Cooking

Firewood	91%
Charcoal	8%
Kerosene for cooking	1%

Source: Country Information Tanzania, 2010 

Institutional set up and actors in the energy sector

Public institutions

Rural Energy Agency (REA)

is responsible for boosting modern energy services in rural areas, simplification of projects, and technical assistance of project development. The REA is governed by the Rural Energy Board (REB) which is an assembly of representatives of the ministries of energy, finance etc., of the private market, development partners and NGOs. It is responsible for approval of projects financed by REF, the supervision of REA and REF and the affirmation of REA's operational plans

Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA)

is responsible for technical and economic regulation of the electricity, petroleum, natural gas and water sectors

Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM)

is the most important political entity for energy questions and is responsible for facilitating the development of energy and mineral resources through participation of various stakeholders including public, private, public-private partnerships, local communities, NGOs and civil society

Renewable Energy Fund(REF)

is responsible for the financing of the by the REB accounted and by the REA implemented activities. The funds are coming from Tanzania's budget, from foreign donors, levies from electricity production and other levies as well as interest rates and returns

Electricity companies

Tanzania’s power sector is dominated by a single vertically integrated national utility, Tanzania Electricity Supply Company Ltd (TANESCO). The renewable energy commercial market is still quite small and has not sent adequate signals of the likely investment returns in the sector.

Equipment Suppliers

Several suppliers of energy equipment exist: M/s Tunakopesha Limited sells energy supplies such as PV on credit. The SERO Lease Financing (SELFINA) leases equipment and is testing PV equipment market. The Chloride Exide Ltd is a long-serving company in the energy sector that supply solar batteries and other equipment. Furthermore, the firm ENSOL sells solar PV systems to off-grid households as well as to public and private institutions in rural Tanzania. The company imports the needed components and installs them according to customer needs. Sahara and The Kisangani Smith Group are active in the efficient stoves market. In addition, Appropriate Rural Technology (ART) distributes Indian technology Moto Poa stoves.

Power Generation

Currently, several companies in advanced stages of investing in Wind Energy exist in Tanzania: Ms Wind EA that is planning to invest in Kititimo Singida with MW 50 to MW 200 potential and Power Pool East Africa and Sino-Tan Renewable Ltd, New Energy Group Ltd, Infranco and M/S Songas Ltd.

Non-governmental service providers for rural areas in the field of energy

TaTEDO

Based in Dar es Salaam, is an organisation composed of professionals, artisans, farmers, community based organizations and micro enterprises that promote renewable energy systems, namely improved cook stoves. It implements projects in cooperation with the European Union, Norway, the Netherlands and the United Nations.

Non-governmental Organisations

Tanzania Renewable Energy Associations (TAREA)

Network of various stakeholders working in the renewable energy sector

Development Partners and stakeholders

German Firms

In March 2010 a German delegation of eight leading solar enterprises visited Tanzania (and Kenya) in order to become acquainted with the market and to establish contacts with local actors. The trip was organised by the GTZ Project Development Programme.

The following enterprises participated in the business travel: Asantys Systems GmbH, Centrosolar Group AG, Donauer Solartechnik Vertriebs GmbH, Energiebau Solarstromsysteme GmbH, Hoppecke Batterien GmbH & Co KG, Phocos AG, SMA Solar Technology AG, SUNSET Energietechnik GmbH.

EU Energy Facility

to be elaborated

Development Organisations

• Sida: implements a five-year project for developing the PV market in rural areas
• ADfB: Rural Energy Master Plan 
• World Bank: Energizing Rural Transformation
• UNDP: Transformation of Rural PV Market
• GVEP: approach to accelerate pace and scope of enery interventions to improve access to energy services

Policy framework

Poverty reduction strategy

Tanzania's official homepage on poverty monitoring: www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/

Energy policy

The Government of Tanzania (GOT) is the prior player in terms of policy and regulatory environment.

The national energy policy document was launched in April, 1992. From that time the policy has undergone a review process which was prompted by social and economic changes taking place in all sectors of the economy. The revised Energy Policy was launched in February, 2003. The Policy focuses on market mechanisms as a means to reach its objectives and achieve an efficient energy sector. The policy takes in to consideration the need to:

• Have affordable and accessible energy supplies countrywide.
• Reform the market for energy services.
• Form an institutional framework which facilitates investment, expansion of services, efficient pricing mechanisms and other financial incentives.
• Adequately take in to account environmental considerations for all energy activities
• Promote energy efficiency and conservation in all sectors; and
• Increase energy education and build gender-balanced capacity in energy planning, implementation and monitoring.

The main elements of this policy consist of developing efficient domestic energy ressources, boosting of market-determining energy prices, improving the reliability and security of energy, commercialising and privatising the energy sector, reducing deforestation and developing of human ressources.

Vision & Mission of the Energy Sector

The vision of the energy sector is to contribute to the growth of national economy and improve the standard of living of the population in a sustainable and environmentally sound manner. Its mission is to create a suitable environment for the provision of safe, reliable, efficient, cost effective and environmentally compatible energy services on a sustainable basis to the widest cross section of the population.

Objectives of the Policy

The objectives of a national energy policy are to ensure availability of reliable and affordable energy supplies and their use in a rational and sustainable manner in order to support national development goals.

Specific objectives include

• To develop and utilise natural gas and coal resources;
• To step up petroleum exploration activities;
• To promote development and utilisation of appropriate new and renewable sources of energy;
• To reduce deforestation through efficient wood fuel conversion and end-use technologies & techniques;
• To promote energy conservation and efficiency.

Challenges

To achieve the overall objectives of economic growth and poverty reduction, there is a need for substantial improvements within the energy sector, both on demand and supply sides. The following are some of challenges:

• Increased electricity supply and distribution
• To sustain and increase oil & Gas exploration
• Regional interconnection
• Rural electrification
• Reaching rural households

Strategies 

 There are fundamental features and considerations, which determine the development directions and structures of the energy sector. The following are some of the key issues taken into account:

• Market Economy
• Independent Regulatory regime
• National Interest versus Market Forces
• Regional Cooperation and Trade
• Energy Conservation and Efficiency
• Environmental management
• Gender Issues (Social Role of Women and Men)
• Appropriate Technologies

In 2010 the EU Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility formalised an agreement with MEM to develop a biomass energy strategy for Tanzania (BEST).

In order to achieve these goals Tanzania has introduced rural energy and power sector development strategies:

1. the Electricity Act of 2008 whose main task is the privatisation of the electricity market and an improved framework for market introduction of renewable energy technologies in particular in rural areas;
2. the Rural Energy Act of 2005 which established the Rural Energy Agency and Fund (REA/F) whose main task is to promote access to modern energy services and to provide performance based subsidies for rural energy including renewable energy systems;
3. the Energy and Water Utility Regulatory Authority Act established in 2001 which provides the regulator with the responsibility of tariff setting effecting also the independent renewable energy power producers.

The GOT has adopted the Power System Master Plan (PSMP), by this plan the GOT has both a short-term (2009-2012) and medium- and long-term (2013-2031) plan. The plan estimates an increasing demand for energy/electricity at an average rate of 8.5-15% per annum. In order to be able to ensure adequate energy supply, the Electricity Act of 2008 gives procedures for providing electricity from different sources. The Energy and Water Utility Regulatory Authority (EWURA) created a model for Standardized Small Power Purchase Agreement/Tariff (SSPPA/T) for private producers providing less than 10MW.

The Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) contain a standardized power purchase agreement and a non-negotiable purchase tariff based on avoided cost principles for electricity sales to TANESCO national grid and mini-grids. EWURA, which is the regulatory body, is currently working on issuing guidelines to help developers to develop their projects efficiently. Moreover, EWURA is developing procedures for formulating tariffs for mini-grid consumers.

The Rural Energy Agency has provided subsidies to TANESCO in order to extend grid electricity in areas where it seems not be economic to invest. In 2008/9 the REA plans to use TZS 18.0 billion (US$ 13.33 million) to subsidize the grid-rural electrification.

Called for by the 2008 Electricity Act MEM produced a position paper on the reform of the electricity sector, which is currently (end of 2011) under the consideration of the Cabinet. The paper is expected to give guidance to the further sector development. The 2010/2011  Joint energy Sector Review gives the following priorities for the electricity sector:

• electricity sector planning (collaborative preparation of the power sector master plan)
• strengthen demand forecasting
• develop DSM and energy efficiency programs
• implement, monitor and fine-tune the EPP
• raise TANESCO tariffs based on cost analysis
• electricity sector restructuring
• formulate a clear national policy on subsidies (implementation scheduled for budget year 2013)
• a rural electrification master plan, prioritizing rural electrification investments, focussing on centres with significant potential for new jobs and income from the use of electricity (ensuring viability for TANESCO)

Specifically for renewables the review defines the following action points:

• government to invest more in promotion of renewables
• follow-up on research for development of large scale geothermal energy
• scale up of RE technologies that have proven feasibilty, viability by prior projects
• follow-up on large scale wind power projects
• promote demand side management through energy efficiency and conservation
• improve availability of hydro power through research
• encourage large scale growers of oil seed for biodiesel to build processing plants
• support research in ocean energies
• facilitate further support to companies involved in the manufacture of RE equipment such as small wind turbines and small water turbines
• develop and implement a rural energy master plan prioritizing rural electrification investments(plan projected to be available by the end of 2012), incorporating EUEF project " integrated rural electrification planning" 

Electricity Prices

In Tanzania four different price levels exist:

• Domestic Low Usage Tariff (DI): applies to customers using on average less than 50 kWh per year, is subsidised and includes services
• General Usage Tariff (T1): applies to consumption above 283 kWh per year, voltage is 230V in monophase and 400V in triphase
• Low Voltage Usage Tariff (T2): applies to consumers with a consumption of 400V and a more than 7.500 kWh, but less than 500 KVA
• High Voltage Usage Tariff (T3): applies to consumers using 11KV and above

In january 2011 a 18,5% price hike took effect in Tanzania, where TANESCO actually had proposed for 34,6% to move towards more cost recovering incomes. At current (after the price hike), TANESCO's recovering rate is about 80% of its costs. If the EPP is implemented however, this rate will drop considerably.

Subsidies on renewable energy technologies

Exemption of customs is given on imports of wind and solar products. Subsidies of PV systems exist:

In the case of SHS

• 0-14 Wp: 2.5 $/Wp
• 14-100 Wp: 1.5 $/Wp
• > 100 Wp: now subsidies

in the case of public institutions

• < 300 Wp: 1.5 $/Wp, but maximum 450 € per institution

The government supports Small Power Procuders (SPP); effecient concepts for regulation and pricing are developed in order to improve electricity supply in rural areas

Key problems hampering access to modern energy services in rural areas

Obstacles for off grid energy technologies and services

Cooking energy

A 2011 desk study by RTA and SNV provides a good overview of the actual status and challenges of the ICS sector in Tanzania. These are many, but basically the sector is highly informal with a variety of programs and projects over the years which however seemed to lack mutual cooperation and coherence to develop a true sector. Second, the end user perception towards ICS is not well included in design, promotion, marketing of stoves and quality perception is rather low. Third, cost saving arguments, especially with firewood stoves in the past have not been convincing as many rural households did not pay for firewood. This seems however to have changed in the last years. Fourth it is not clear whether, or under what circumstances, a profitable business case for stoves producers can be made which is sustainable over a longer period of time without subsidies or grants.

Further Literature

• EAC Strategy to Scale-up Access to Modern Energy Services, Tanzania Country Report and Implementation Workplan, May 2008
• Ministry of Energy and Minerals (2003), Energy Policy of Tanzania Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
• Mr. Shilogile, (2007),  A PAPER ON STATUS OF ENERGY MAIN STREAMING IN THE MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM: Presented at energy mainstreaming in regional and district programmes and projects workshop held in Kigoma on 18th – 20th July 2007.
• Paul Kiwele (2007), “STATUS OF ENERGY IN TANZANIA AND ITS IMPLICATION TO POVERTY REDUCTION” A paper presented at a workshop on mainstreaming Energy in Regional and District programmes in Kigoma July 2007. Ministry of energy and Minerals, Dar es Salaam.

• MEM/TANESCO, “Study report on the potential wind sites for power generation in Tanzania” Dar es Salaam.