Difference between revisions of "Montenegro Energy Situation"

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== Introduction ==
 
== Introduction ==
 +
Montenegro has been making efforts to increase the share of renewable energy in its energy mix. The country has set targets and implemented policies to promote sustainable and cleaner energy sources.
 +
 +
Montenegro has a significant share of its electricity generated from hydropower. The country has been investing in the modernization and expansion of existing hydropower plants and the development of new ones. Has also been exploring the potential of wind energy. There have been developments in wind farm projects, with several wind farms in operation or under development.
 +
 +
Solar energy projects have been gaining attention, and there have been initiatives to harness solar power for electricity generation.
  
 
== Energy Situation ==
 
== Energy Situation ==
  
−
== Renewable Energy ==
+
=== Installed electricity capacity (MW) by Technology, Grid connection and Year ===
 +
<div class="grid stretch-items">
 +
<div class="width-1-3">
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+Total Installed Capacity by the end of year 2022 is 1,061.89 MW
 +
!Technology
 +
!Grid Connection
 +
!Year
 +
!Capacity (MW)
 +
|-
 +
|Solar photovoltaic
 +
|On-grid
 +
|2022
 +
|22.0
 +
|-
 +
|Onshore wind energy
 +
|On-grid
 +
|2022
 +
|118.00
 +
|-
 +
|Renewable hydropower
 +
|On-grid
 +
|2022
 +
|696.69
 +
|-
 +
|Coal and peat
 +
|On-grid
 +
|2022
 +
|225.00
 +
|}
 +
</div>
 +
 
 +
<div class="width-1-3">
 +
[[File:Installed Electricity Capacity in Percentage - Montenegro.png|center|600px|Installed Electricity Capacity in Percentage - Montenegro]]<br/>
 +
<center>Fig 1: Installed Electricity Capacity in Percentage</center>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 
 +
=== Energy Generation and Consumption ===
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+
 +
!Description of data [unit]
 +
!2020
 +
!2021
 +
|-
 +
|Electricity production [GWh]
 +
|3.225
 +
|3.655
 +
|-
 +
|Gross electricity consumption [GWh]
 +
|3.311
 +
|3.491
 +
|-
 +
|Consumption structure [GWh] / industrial, transport, services and other
 +
|1.569
 +
|1.641
 +
|-
 +
|Consumption structure [GWh] / households (residential customers)
 +
|1.241
 +
|1.334
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
=== Net Import & Net Export ===
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+
 +
!Description of data [unit]
 +
!2020
 +
!2021
 +
|-
 +
|Net imports [GWh]
 +
|5.886
 +
|5.318
 +
|-
 +
|Net exports [GWh]
 +
|5.771
 +
|5.489
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
=== Energy Loses ===
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+
 +
!Description of data [unit]
 +
!2020
 +
!2021
 +
|-
 +
|Losses in transmission [%]
 +
|1.82%
 +
|1.79%
 +
|-
 +
|Losses in distribution [%]
 +
|12,9%
 +
|12.39%
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
=== Transmission network ===
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+
 +
!Description of data [unit]
 +
!2020
 +
!2021
 +
|-
 +
|Horizontal transmission network [km]
 +
|1.411
 +
|1.423
 +
|-
 +
|Horizontal transmission network [km] / substation capacity [MVA]
 +
|3.867
 +
|4.166
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
=== No of consummers ===
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+
 +
!Description of data [unit]
 +
!2020
 +
!2021
 +
|-
 +
|Electricity customers / total
 +
|404.785
 +
|413.404
 +
|-
 +
|Electricity customers / non-households
 +
|40.052
 +
|40.915
 +
|-
 +
|Eligible customers under national legislation
 +
|404.785
 +
|413.404
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
=== Internal Market ===
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+
 +
!Description of data [unit]
 +
!2020
 +
!2021
 +
|-
 +
|Internal market / electricity supplied to active eligible customers [MWh]
 +
|2.700.116
 +
|2.975.178
 +
|-
 +
|Horizontal transmission network [km] / substation capacity [MVA]
 +
|96%
 +
|100%
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
== Renewable Energy Potential ==
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+
 +
!
 +
!Unit
 +
!Reference Case 2030
 +
!Remap 2030
 +
|-
 +
|Total installed power generation capacity
 +
|MW
 +
|1,299.00
 +
|1,385.00
 +
|-
 +
|Renewable capacity
 +
|MW
 +
|1,074.00
 +
|1,385.00
 +
|-
 +
|Hydropower
 +
|MW
 +
|781.00
 +
|823.00
 +
|-
 +
|Wind - onshoore
 +
|MW
 +
|190.00
 +
|190.00
 +
|-
 +
|Biofuels solid, liqluid, gaseous)
 +
|MW
 +
|71.00
 +
|79.00
 +
|-
 +
|Solar PV
 +
|MW
 +
|32.00
 +
|293.00
 +
|-
 +
|Non-renewable capacity
 +
|MW
 +
|225.00
 +
|0.00
 +
|-
 +
|Coal
 +
|MW
 +
|225.00
 +
|0.00
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<div class="grid stretch-items">
 +
<div class="width-1-2>
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+
 +
!Technologies
 +
!Technical Potential MW
 +
|-
 +
|'''Solar PV'''
 +
|722.5
 +
|-
 +
|'''Wind'''
 +
|2,936.0
 +
|-
 +
|'''Hydro'''
 +
|2,040.0
 +
|-
 +
|≤ 10 MW
 +
|140.0
 +
|-
 +
|> 10 MW
 +
|1,900.0
 +
|-
 +
|Pumping
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''Biomass'''
 +
|198.0
 +
|-
 +
|Biogas
 +
|87.0
 +
|-
 +
|Solid Biomass
 +
|97.0
 +
|-
 +
|Biowaste
 +
|14.0
 +
|-
 +
|'''Geothermal el.'''
 +
|1.4
 +
|-
 +
|Total
 +
|5,897.9
 +
|}
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="width-1-2>
 +
[[File:Technical Potential Capacity in Percentage - Montenegro.png|center|500px|Technical Potential Capacity in Percentage - Montenegro]]
 +
<center>Fig 2: Technical potential Capacity in Percentage</center>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
As we can see, if Montenegro would use its entire technical potential,ti would generating power by 455%.
  
 
== Fossil Fuels ==
 
== Fossil Fuels ==
 +
 +
==== Greenhouse gas emissions ====
 +
Greenhouse gas emissions in Montenegro are around 3.45 of MtCO2.
 +
<div class="grid stretch-items">
 +
<div class="width-1-2>
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+
 +
!
 +
!Unit
 +
!Reference Case 2030
 +
!Remap 2030
 +
|-
 +
|Energy-related CO2 emissions
 +
|[Mt CO2 /yr]
 +
|3.1
 +
|1.4
 +
|}
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="width-1-2>
 +
[[File:Sources of greenhouse gases - Montenegro.png|center|500px|Sources of greenhouse gases - Montenegro]]
 +
<center>Fig 3: Sources of GreenHouse gases (Source: CIAT Climate Data Explorer, Montenegro.)</center>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
  
 
== Key Problems of the Energy Sector ==
 
== Key Problems of the Energy Sector ==
 +
 +
==== Challenges on increasing the RES share ====
 +
While Montenegro has significant renewable energy potential, there are challenges associated with increasing the share of renewable energy in the country's energy mix. Some of the challenges include:
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+
 +
|Limited Renewable Resources
 +
|Montenegro may have faced challenges in harnessing renewable energy due to a limited availability of natural resources like wind, solar, or biomass.
 +
|-
 +
|Investment Constraints
 +
|Insufficient financial resources and limited access to investment capital might have hindered the development of renewable energy projects.
 +
|-
 +
|Grid Integration
 +
|The integration of renewable energy sources into the existing grid infrastructure can be challenging, requiring significant upgrades and investments.
 +
|-
 +
|Regulatory Framework
 +
|Inconsistent or inadequate regulatory frameworks might impede the growth of the renewable energy sector by creating uncertainties for investors.
 +
|-
 +
|Land Use and Environmental Concerns
 +
|Balancing the need for renewable energy development with environmental protection and land use concerns can pose challenges, particularly in ecologically sensitive areas.
 +
|-
 +
|Public Awareness and Acceptance
 +
|Lack of awareness and public support for renewable energy initiatives can make it difficult to implement and sustain projects.
 +
|-
 +
|Technical Challenges
 +
|The technical challenges associated with the implementation of renewable energy technologies, such as intermittency issues with wind and solar power, may need to be addressed.
 +
|-
 +
|Energy Storage
 +
|The absence of effective energy storage solutions can limit the ability to store excess energy generated during peak times for use during periods of low renewable generation.
 +
|-
 +
|Dependency on Fossil Fuels
 +
|Montenegro might have faced challenges in reducing its dependence on traditional fossil fuels, which could hinder progress towards a more sustainable energy mix.
 +
|-
 +
|Political Will and Stability
 +
|Political support and stability are crucial for long-term planning and execution of renewable energy projects. Changes in government policies can impact the sector.
 +
|-
 +
|Infrastructure Development
 +
|Insufficient infrastructure for renewable energy production, such as transmission lines and substations, may have hampered the growth of the sector.
 +
|-
 +
|Skill Shortages
 +
|A lack of skilled personnel in the renewable energy sector can be a bottleneck for the successful planning and implementation of projects.
 +
|-
 +
|Access to Technology
 +
|Limited access to the latest and most efficient renewable energy technologies might have slowed down progress in the sector.
 +
|-
 +
|Energy Market Dynamics
 +
|The dynamics of Montenegro's energy market, including pricing structures and competition, could influence the attractiveness of renewable energy investments.
 +
|-
 +
|International Collaboration
 +
|Limited collaboration with international organizations and neighboring countries in promoting and implementing renewable energy initiatives may have hindered progress.
 +
|}
  
 
== Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations ==
 
== Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations ==
 +
In Montenegro, the production of electricity from renewable energy sources is mainly promoted through a feed-in tariff.
 +
 +
The access to the grid is regulated by the general legislation on legislation and renewable energy sources are given priority.
 +
 +
==== Support schemes ====
 +
In Montenegro, electricity from renewable sources is supported through a feed-in tariff. The operators of plants that generate electricity from renewable energy sources can obtain the status of a „Privileged Producer/Generator“ („povlašćeni proizvođač“) and thereupon acquire the right to a price support for the generated electricity under the legal requirements.. Every year in January, a new incentive fee is adopted, which is applied to the end-costumers, who bore the costs from RES.
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+
 +
|Feed-in tariff
 +
|The owners of renewable energy power plants that have acquired the status of „Privileged Producer“ can sign a contract with the Montenegrin Energy Market Operator (COTEE) in order to receive a fixed price per kWh for the supplied electricity.
 +
|}
  
 
== Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector ==
 
== Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector ==
  
 
==<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations</span>==
 
==<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations</span>==
 +
In Montenegro, the energy sector involves various key actors responsible for the generation, transmission, distribution, and regulation of energy. Here are the key actors in the energy market in Montenegro:
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+
 +
|1. Ministry of Economy:
 +
|The Ministry of Economy is responsible for formulating and implementing energy policies in Montenegro. It plays a key role in shaping the regulatory framework, energy development plans, and strategies for the energy sector.
 +
|-
 +
|2. Energy Regulatory Agency (Regulatorna agencija za energetiku - RAE):
 +
|The Energy Regulatory Agency regulates and oversees the energy sector in Montenegro. RAE is responsible for ensuring fair competition, consumer protection, and adherence to legal and regulatory standards.
 +
|-
 +
|3. Electric Power Company of Montenegro (Elektroprivreda Crne Gore - EPCG):
 +
|EPCG is the state-owned power utility in Montenegro. It is involved in electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. EPCG plays a significant role in the country's energy landscape.
 +
|-
 +
|4. Transmission System Operator (Crnogorski elektroprenosni sistem - CGES):
 +
|CGES manages the high-voltage electricity transmission system in Montenegro. It is responsible for the operation, maintenance, and development of the transmission infrastructure.
 +
|-
 +
|5. Distribution System Operator (Crnogorski elektrodistributivni sistem - CEDIS):
 +
|CEDIS is responsible for managing the low and medium-voltage electricity distribution network in Montenegro. It distributes electricity to end-users, maintains the distribution infrastructure, and ensures the continuity of electricity supply.
 +
|-
 +
|6. Independent Power Producers (IPPs):
 +
|Independent Power Producers are private entities involved in electricity generation. They contribute to the diversification of the generation mix and may operate renewable or conventional power plants.
 +
|-
 +
|7. Investors and Financing Institutions:
 +
|Investors, both domestic and foreign, play a crucial role in funding and developing energy projects in Montenegro. Financing institutions, such as banks and international financial organizations, provide funding and support for energy infrastructure projects.
 +
|-
 +
|8. Consumers and Industrial Users:
 +
|End-users, including residential, commercial, and industrial consumers, are essential actors in the energy market. Their energy consumption patterns and demand influence market dynamics.
 +
|-
 +
|9. Government Agencies and Local Authorities:
 +
|Various government agencies and local authorities are involved in permitting, land-use planning, and environmental assessments for energy projects. They also play a role in setting policies that impact the energy sector.
 +
|-
 +
|10. International Organizations and Donors:
 +
|International organizations and donor agencies may provide support, technical assistance, and funding for energy sector development projects in Montenegro, especially those focused on sustainability, renewable energy, and regulatory reforms.
 +
|-
 +
|11. Environmental Protection Agency (Agencija za zaštitu prirode i životne sredine):
 +
|The Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for environmental protection and ensuring that energy projects adhere to environmental regulations and standards.
 +
|-
 +
|12. Market Operator:
 +
|The Market Operator facilitates the electricity market by managing market transactions, ensuring fair competition, and promoting market efficiency. It operates in accordance with the regulatory framework and market rules.
 +
|}
  
 
== Further Information ==
 
== Further Information ==
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
 +
*IRENA, Renewables Readiness Assessment: Montenegro, 2021
 +
*IRENA, Renewable Energy Prospects for Central and South-Eastern Europe Energy Connectivity (CESEC), 2020
 +
*IRENA, Cost-competitive renewable power generation: Potential across South East Europe, 2017
 +
*LEGAL SOURCES ON RENEWABLE ENERGY res-legal.eu
 +
*Energy Community, Montenegro
  
 
[[Category:Europe_and_Central_Asia]]
 
[[Category:Europe_and_Central_Asia]]
 
[[Category:Montenegro]]
 
[[Category:Montenegro]]
 +
[[Category:Western Balkans]]

Latest revision as of 12:42, 25 October 2024


Montenegro
Flag of Montenegro.png
Location _______.png

Capital:

Podgorica

Region:

Europe & Central Asia

Coordinates:

42.708678° N, 19.374390° E

Total Area (km²): It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.

13,810

Population: It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.

616,177 (2023)

Rural Population (% of total population): It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.

31 (2023)

GDP (current US$): It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

7,404,541,965 (2023)

GDP Per Capita (current US$): It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population

12,016.91 (2023)

Access to Electricity (% of population): It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.

100.00 (2022)

Energy Imports Net (% of energy use): It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

27.57 (2014)

Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total): It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.

64.66 (2014)

Source: World Bank


Introduction

Montenegro has been making efforts to increase the share of renewable energy in its energy mix. The country has set targets and implemented policies to promote sustainable and cleaner energy sources.

Montenegro has a significant share of its electricity generated from hydropower. The country has been investing in the modernization and expansion of existing hydropower plants and the development of new ones. Has also been exploring the potential of wind energy. There have been developments in wind farm projects, with several wind farms in operation or under development.

Solar energy projects have been gaining attention, and there have been initiatives to harness solar power for electricity generation.

Energy Situation

Installed electricity capacity (MW) by Technology, Grid connection and Year

Total Installed Capacity by the end of year 2022 is 1,061.89 MW
Technology Grid Connection Year Capacity (MW)
Solar photovoltaic On-grid 2022 22.0
Onshore wind energy On-grid 2022 118.00
Renewable hydropower On-grid 2022 696.69
Coal and peat On-grid 2022 225.00
Installed Electricity Capacity in Percentage - Montenegro

Fig 1: Installed Electricity Capacity in Percentage

Energy Generation and Consumption

Description of data [unit] 2020 2021
Electricity production [GWh] 3.225 3.655
Gross electricity consumption [GWh] 3.311 3.491
Consumption structure [GWh] / industrial, transport, services and other 1.569 1.641
Consumption structure [GWh] / households (residential customers) 1.241 1.334

Net Import & Net Export

Description of data [unit] 2020 2021
Net imports [GWh] 5.886 5.318
Net exports [GWh] 5.771 5.489

Energy Loses

Description of data [unit] 2020 2021
Losses in transmission [%] 1.82% 1.79%
Losses in distribution [%] 12,9% 12.39%

Transmission network

Description of data [unit] 2020 2021
Horizontal transmission network [km] 1.411 1.423
Horizontal transmission network [km] / substation capacity [MVA] 3.867 4.166

No of consummers

Description of data [unit] 2020 2021
Electricity customers / total 404.785 413.404
Electricity customers / non-households 40.052 40.915
Eligible customers under national legislation 404.785 413.404

Internal Market

Description of data [unit] 2020 2021
Internal market / electricity supplied to active eligible customers [MWh] 2.700.116 2.975.178
Horizontal transmission network [km] / substation capacity [MVA] 96% 100%

Renewable Energy Potential

Unit Reference Case 2030 Remap 2030
Total installed power generation capacity MW 1,299.00 1,385.00
Renewable capacity MW 1,074.00 1,385.00
Hydropower MW 781.00 823.00
Wind - onshoore MW 190.00 190.00
Biofuels solid, liqluid, gaseous) MW 71.00 79.00
Solar PV MW 32.00 293.00
Non-renewable capacity MW 225.00 0.00
Coal MW 225.00 0.00
Technologies Technical Potential MW
Solar PV 722.5
Wind 2,936.0
Hydro 2,040.0
≤ 10 MW 140.0
> 10 MW 1,900.0
Pumping
Biomass 198.0
Biogas 87.0
Solid Biomass 97.0
Biowaste 14.0
Geothermal el. 1.4
Total 5,897.9
Technical Potential Capacity in Percentage - Montenegro
Fig 2: Technical potential Capacity in Percentage

As we can see, if Montenegro would use its entire technical potential,ti would generating power by 455%.

Fossil Fuels

Greenhouse gas emissions

Greenhouse gas emissions in Montenegro are around 3.45 of MtCO2.

Unit Reference Case 2030 Remap 2030
Energy-related CO2 emissions [Mt CO2 /yr] 3.1 1.4
Sources of greenhouse gases - Montenegro
Fig 3: Sources of GreenHouse gases (Source: CIAT Climate Data Explorer, Montenegro.)

Key Problems of the Energy Sector

Challenges on increasing the RES share

While Montenegro has significant renewable energy potential, there are challenges associated with increasing the share of renewable energy in the country's energy mix. Some of the challenges include:

Limited Renewable Resources Montenegro may have faced challenges in harnessing renewable energy due to a limited availability of natural resources like wind, solar, or biomass.
Investment Constraints Insufficient financial resources and limited access to investment capital might have hindered the development of renewable energy projects.
Grid Integration The integration of renewable energy sources into the existing grid infrastructure can be challenging, requiring significant upgrades and investments.
Regulatory Framework Inconsistent or inadequate regulatory frameworks might impede the growth of the renewable energy sector by creating uncertainties for investors.
Land Use and Environmental Concerns Balancing the need for renewable energy development with environmental protection and land use concerns can pose challenges, particularly in ecologically sensitive areas.
Public Awareness and Acceptance Lack of awareness and public support for renewable energy initiatives can make it difficult to implement and sustain projects.
Technical Challenges The technical challenges associated with the implementation of renewable energy technologies, such as intermittency issues with wind and solar power, may need to be addressed.
Energy Storage The absence of effective energy storage solutions can limit the ability to store excess energy generated during peak times for use during periods of low renewable generation.
Dependency on Fossil Fuels Montenegro might have faced challenges in reducing its dependence on traditional fossil fuels, which could hinder progress towards a more sustainable energy mix.
Political Will and Stability Political support and stability are crucial for long-term planning and execution of renewable energy projects. Changes in government policies can impact the sector.
Infrastructure Development Insufficient infrastructure for renewable energy production, such as transmission lines and substations, may have hampered the growth of the sector.
Skill Shortages A lack of skilled personnel in the renewable energy sector can be a bottleneck for the successful planning and implementation of projects.
Access to Technology Limited access to the latest and most efficient renewable energy technologies might have slowed down progress in the sector.
Energy Market Dynamics The dynamics of Montenegro's energy market, including pricing structures and competition, could influence the attractiveness of renewable energy investments.
International Collaboration Limited collaboration with international organizations and neighboring countries in promoting and implementing renewable energy initiatives may have hindered progress.

Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

In Montenegro, the production of electricity from renewable energy sources is mainly promoted through a feed-in tariff.

The access to the grid is regulated by the general legislation on legislation and renewable energy sources are given priority.

Support schemes

In Montenegro, electricity from renewable sources is supported through a feed-in tariff. The operators of plants that generate electricity from renewable energy sources can obtain the status of a „Privileged Producer/Generator“ („povlašćeni proizvođač“) and thereupon acquire the right to a price support for the generated electricity under the legal requirements.. Every year in January, a new incentive fee is adopted, which is applied to the end-costumers, who bore the costs from RES.

Feed-in tariff The owners of renewable energy power plants that have acquired the status of „Privileged Producer“ can sign a contract with the Montenegrin Energy Market Operator (COTEE) in order to receive a fixed price per kWh for the supplied electricity.

Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector

Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations

In Montenegro, the energy sector involves various key actors responsible for the generation, transmission, distribution, and regulation of energy. Here are the key actors in the energy market in Montenegro:

1. Ministry of Economy: The Ministry of Economy is responsible for formulating and implementing energy policies in Montenegro. It plays a key role in shaping the regulatory framework, energy development plans, and strategies for the energy sector.
2. Energy Regulatory Agency (Regulatorna agencija za energetiku - RAE): The Energy Regulatory Agency regulates and oversees the energy sector in Montenegro. RAE is responsible for ensuring fair competition, consumer protection, and adherence to legal and regulatory standards.
3. Electric Power Company of Montenegro (Elektroprivreda Crne Gore - EPCG): EPCG is the state-owned power utility in Montenegro. It is involved in electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. EPCG plays a significant role in the country's energy landscape.
4. Transmission System Operator (Crnogorski elektroprenosni sistem - CGES): CGES manages the high-voltage electricity transmission system in Montenegro. It is responsible for the operation, maintenance, and development of the transmission infrastructure.
5. Distribution System Operator (Crnogorski elektrodistributivni sistem - CEDIS): CEDIS is responsible for managing the low and medium-voltage electricity distribution network in Montenegro. It distributes electricity to end-users, maintains the distribution infrastructure, and ensures the continuity of electricity supply.
6. Independent Power Producers (IPPs): Independent Power Producers are private entities involved in electricity generation. They contribute to the diversification of the generation mix and may operate renewable or conventional power plants.
7. Investors and Financing Institutions: Investors, both domestic and foreign, play a crucial role in funding and developing energy projects in Montenegro. Financing institutions, such as banks and international financial organizations, provide funding and support for energy infrastructure projects.
8. Consumers and Industrial Users: End-users, including residential, commercial, and industrial consumers, are essential actors in the energy market. Their energy consumption patterns and demand influence market dynamics.
9. Government Agencies and Local Authorities: Various government agencies and local authorities are involved in permitting, land-use planning, and environmental assessments for energy projects. They also play a role in setting policies that impact the energy sector.
10. International Organizations and Donors: International organizations and donor agencies may provide support, technical assistance, and funding for energy sector development projects in Montenegro, especially those focused on sustainability, renewable energy, and regulatory reforms.
11. Environmental Protection Agency (Agencija za zaštitu prirode i životne sredine): The Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for environmental protection and ensuring that energy projects adhere to environmental regulations and standards.
12. Market Operator: The Market Operator facilitates the electricity market by managing market transactions, ensuring fair competition, and promoting market efficiency. It operates in accordance with the regulatory framework and market rules.

Further Information

References

  • IRENA, Renewables Readiness Assessment: Montenegro, 2021
  • IRENA, Renewable Energy Prospects for Central and South-Eastern Europe Energy Connectivity (CESEC), 2020
  • IRENA, Cost-competitive renewable power generation: Potential across South East Europe, 2017
  • LEGAL SOURCES ON RENEWABLE ENERGY res-legal.eu
  • Energy Community, Montenegro
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