Difference between revisions of "Biogas in Powering Agriculture"
***** (***** | *****) |
***** (***** | *****) m |
||
| (37 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | + | = Background = | |
| − | = Background | ||
Biogas is a gas that is produced during the anaerobic degradation of organic materials. It is primarily composed of methane (60%-70%) and carbon dioxide (30%-40%). Biogas also has trace amounts of other components such as water vapor, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia.<br/> | Biogas is a gas that is produced during the anaerobic degradation of organic materials. It is primarily composed of methane (60%-70%) and carbon dioxide (30%-40%). Biogas also has trace amounts of other components such as water vapor, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia.<br/> | ||
| − | Because of its composition, biogas is a greenhouse gas that is detrimental to the environment and an important factor in climate change. Another byproduct that is produced, called “digestate” also provides a rich fertilizer that can be used in agricultural and gardening practices. | + | Because of its composition, biogas is a greenhouse gas that is detrimental to the environment and an important factor in climate change. Another byproduct that is produced, called “digestate” also provides a rich fertilizer that can be used in agricultural and gardening practices. |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | = Global Distribution | + | = Global Distribution = |
The World Bioenergy Association estimates that if fully utilized, biogas could cover close to 6% of the global primary energy supply – equal to one quarter of the current consumption of natural gas. Currently 30 million tons of methane emissions are produced worldwide each year from agricultural operations, if this waste were treated through anaerobic digestion, it is estimated about half of these 30 million tons of methane emissions could be avoided. However, biogas deployment at the global level has been slow on the uptake due to several factors:<br/> | The World Bioenergy Association estimates that if fully utilized, biogas could cover close to 6% of the global primary energy supply – equal to one quarter of the current consumption of natural gas. Currently 30 million tons of methane emissions are produced worldwide each year from agricultural operations, if this waste were treated through anaerobic digestion, it is estimated about half of these 30 million tons of methane emissions could be avoided. However, biogas deployment at the global level has been slow on the uptake due to several factors:<br/> | ||
| Line 16: | Line 13: | ||
*High capital costs for commercial scale plants; | *High capital costs for commercial scale plants; | ||
*Natural gas is a cheaper alternative; and | *Natural gas is a cheaper alternative; and | ||
| − | *Government policies and programs do not adequately | + | *Government policies and programs do not adequately facilitate/support biogas programs<br/> |
| − | |||
| − | Global data on current installed capacity of biogas plants does not exist, but the World Bioenergy Association estimates that 40 billion m<sup>3</sup> biomethane equivalent – equal to 1080-1440 PJ of energy - is produced annually. India and China are global leaders in the biogas field with an estimated 4.5 million biogas plants in India and over 40 million biogas plants in China. While these plants range in size and technology from a few m<sup>3</sup> to large commercial scale plants, the majority are small household systems that are used to produce gas for cooking, heating water, and lighting | + | Global data on current installed capacity of biogas plants does not exist, but the World Bioenergy Association estimates that 40 billion m<sup>3</sup> biomethane equivalent – equal to 1080-1440 PJ of energy - is produced annually. India and China are global leaders in the biogas field with an estimated 4.5 million biogas plants in India and over 40 million biogas plants in China. While these plants range in size and technology from a few m<sup>3</sup> to large commercial scale plants, the majority are small household systems that are used to produce gas for cooking, heating water, and lighting.<ref>World Bioenergy Association, 2013. Biogas - An Important Renewable Energy Source , Stockholm: World Bioenergy Association.fckLR</ref> |
<br/> | <br/> | ||
| − | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> | |
| + | |||
| + | = Anaerobic Digestion = | ||
| − | The high organic content of municipal solid waste in low- and | + | The high organic content of municipal solid waste in low- and middle income countries (up to 60%) causes numerous problems in the handling and disposal of the waste. Banning the dumping or landfilling of organic waste is therefore of great benefit: it reduces the generation of landfill gas, relieves the pressure on scarce landfill capacities and mitigates all of the conflicts, costs and social burdens involved.<br/> |
By reintroducing recyclables into value chains, the use of a biogas technology that uses waste as feedstock promotes a circular economy. The advantages are twofold: (1) energy is recovered and (2) the nutrient cycle is closed.<br/> | By reintroducing recyclables into value chains, the use of a biogas technology that uses waste as feedstock promotes a circular economy. The advantages are twofold: (1) energy is recovered and (2) the nutrient cycle is closed.<br/> | ||
| Line 35: | Line 33: | ||
*Health<br/> | *Health<br/> | ||
*Climate change mitigation & pollution reduction<br/> | *Climate change mitigation & pollution reduction<br/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> | ||
<br/> | <br/> | ||
| + | = Methane = | ||
| − | + | Methane is combustible gas with the scientific formula CH<sub>4</sub>. It has a heating value of 34.4 MJ/m<sup>3</sup> and a greenhouse gas global warming potential of 25 times that of carbon dioxide when emitted from human activities. Methane is also formed in many natural processes such as in wetlands, natural gas seeps, and intermittently from saturated soils. It is part of the natural carbon cycle. When methane is oxidized to the atmosphere it forms carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and water (H<sub>2</sub>O).<br/> | |
| − | |||
| − | Methane is combustible gas with the scientific formula CH< | ||
| − | |||
| − | <br/> | ||
| − | The methane formation process is comprised of three steps: | + | The methane formation process is comprised of three steps:<br/> |
| − | Step 1 Acidogenesis:<br/> | + | [[File:Methane Formation Process.JPG|left|400px|alt=Methane Formation Process.JPG]]Step 1 Acidogenesis:<br/> |
Hydrolysis of insoluble and complex soluble compounds to form organic acids and alcohols.<br/> | Hydrolysis of insoluble and complex soluble compounds to form organic acids and alcohols.<br/> | ||
| Line 55: | Line 52: | ||
Reduction of organic acids and alcohols formed in Step 1 to acetate, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.<br/> | Reduction of organic acids and alcohols formed in Step 1 to acetate, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.<br/> | ||
| − | Step | + | Step 3 Methanogenesis:<br/> |
Further reduction of the products produced in Step 2 to methane and carbon dioxide.<br/> | Further reduction of the products produced in Step 2 to methane and carbon dioxide.<br/> | ||
| − | < | + | This process is part of the global carbon cycle, which involves the fixation of carbon as CO<sub>2</sub> by photosynthesis and the subsequent release as the organic matter synthesized decomposes anaerobically. The microorganisms responsible for Steps 1 & 2 reproduce more rapidly than the methane forming bacteria. If the population of methane forming bacteria is not adequate to reduce the organic acids and alcohols as they are produced, accumulation will occur.<br/> |
| − | + | Although the organic acids are sources of energy and carbon at low concentrations, they become toxic at higher concentrations. Thus, the absence in balance between the fermentation and methane forming bacterial populations can cause methane formation to be inhibited.<br/> | |
| − | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> | |
<br/> | <br/> | ||
| + | = Carbon Dioxide = | ||
| − | + | Carbon dioxide is a primary greenhouse gas with the chemical formula CO<sub>2</sub>. Carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by many organisms naturally such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. This CO<sub>2</sub> is part of a natural environmental balance. However, when human activities also produce CO<sub>2 </sub>as a byproduct this balance is upset and new ways must be derived to treat CO<sub>2 </sub>in order to mitigate the effects of climate change caused by the release of primary greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.<ref>United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2015. EPA - Overview of Greenhouse Gases. Available at: http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html</ref> | |
| − | + | [[File:Carboncycle.jpg|left|500px|alt=Carboncycle.jpg]] | |
| + | <div style="clear: both"></div> | ||
| + | <br/> | ||
| − | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> | |
<br/> | <br/> | ||
| − | = Conclusion | + | = Conclusion = |
Biogas is primarily composed of methane (60%-70%) and carbon dioxide (30%-40%).<br/> | Biogas is primarily composed of methane (60%-70%) and carbon dioxide (30%-40%).<br/> | ||
| Line 83: | Line 83: | ||
*Some of the main challenges to biogas implementation are: lack of information, lack of government policies, lack of trained labor force, high cost, and cheaper alternative fuel sources.<br/> | *Some of the main challenges to biogas implementation are: lack of information, lack of government policies, lack of trained labor force, high cost, and cheaper alternative fuel sources.<br/> | ||
*The methane formation process is 3 steps: acidogenesis, acetogensis, and methanogenesis<br/> | *The methane formation process is 3 steps: acidogenesis, acetogensis, and methanogenesis<br/> | ||
| − | *When | + | *When CO<sub>2 </sub> is formed naturally it is part of the carbon cycle and mitigates itself, but when released from human activity it is a harmful greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. |
| − | <br/> | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
| + | |||
| + | = Further Reading = | ||
| + | |||
| + | *[[Portal:Water and Energy for Food|Water and Energy for Food (WE4F) portal on energypedia]] | ||
| + | *[[Portal:Biogas|Portal:Biogas]]<br/> | ||
| + | *[https://gc21.giz.de/ibt/var/app/wp385P/2624/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/PAEGC_MOOC_COMPILED_READER.pdf Reader of the MOOC "Powering Agriculture - Sustainable Energy for Food"]<br/> | ||
| + | *[[Biogas Potential in Ghana|Biogas Potential in Ghana]] | ||
| + | *<span class="mw-headline" id="hydro">[[Agro Industrial Biogas in Kenya - DBFZ Study|Agro Industrial Biogas in Kenya - DBFZ Study]]</span> | ||
| + | *[http://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gbep/docs/Indicators/The_GBEP_Sustainability_Indicators_for_Bioenergy_FINAL.pdf The Global Bioenergy Partnership Sustainability Indicators for Bioenergy]<br/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> | ||
| − | = References | + | = References = |
| − | + | <references /> | |
| − | + | [[Category:Powering_Agriculture]] | |
| + | [[Category:Biogas]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:19, 14 July 2020
Background
Biogas is a gas that is produced during the anaerobic degradation of organic materials. It is primarily composed of methane (60%-70%) and carbon dioxide (30%-40%). Biogas also has trace amounts of other components such as water vapor, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia.
Because of its composition, biogas is a greenhouse gas that is detrimental to the environment and an important factor in climate change. Another byproduct that is produced, called “digestate” also provides a rich fertilizer that can be used in agricultural and gardening practices.
Global Distribution
The World Bioenergy Association estimates that if fully utilized, biogas could cover close to 6% of the global primary energy supply – equal to one quarter of the current consumption of natural gas. Currently 30 million tons of methane emissions are produced worldwide each year from agricultural operations, if this waste were treated through anaerobic digestion, it is estimated about half of these 30 million tons of methane emissions could be avoided. However, biogas deployment at the global level has been slow on the uptake due to several factors:
- Lack of information about the possibilities of biogas;
- Lack of a trained labor force;
- High capital costs for commercial scale plants;
- Natural gas is a cheaper alternative; and
- Government policies and programs do not adequately facilitate/support biogas programs
Global data on current installed capacity of biogas plants does not exist, but the World Bioenergy Association estimates that 40 billion m3 biomethane equivalent – equal to 1080-1440 PJ of energy - is produced annually. India and China are global leaders in the biogas field with an estimated 4.5 million biogas plants in India and over 40 million biogas plants in China. While these plants range in size and technology from a few m3 to large commercial scale plants, the majority are small household systems that are used to produce gas for cooking, heating water, and lighting.[1]
Anaerobic Digestion
The high organic content of municipal solid waste in low- and middle income countries (up to 60%) causes numerous problems in the handling and disposal of the waste. Banning the dumping or landfilling of organic waste is therefore of great benefit: it reduces the generation of landfill gas, relieves the pressure on scarce landfill capacities and mitigates all of the conflicts, costs and social burdens involved.
By reintroducing recyclables into value chains, the use of a biogas technology that uses waste as feedstock promotes a circular economy. The advantages are twofold: (1) energy is recovered and (2) the nutrient cycle is closed.
Benefits and co-benefits of anaerobic digestion include:
- Energy recovery
- Nutrient cycle is closed
- Health
- Climate change mitigation & pollution reduction
Methane
Methane is combustible gas with the scientific formula CH4. It has a heating value of 34.4 MJ/m3 and a greenhouse gas global warming potential of 25 times that of carbon dioxide when emitted from human activities. Methane is also formed in many natural processes such as in wetlands, natural gas seeps, and intermittently from saturated soils. It is part of the natural carbon cycle. When methane is oxidized to the atmosphere it forms carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
The methane formation process is comprised of three steps:
Step 1 Acidogenesis:
Hydrolysis of insoluble and complex soluble compounds to form organic acids and alcohols.
Step 2 Acetogenesis:
Reduction of organic acids and alcohols formed in Step 1 to acetate, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
Step 3 Methanogenesis:
Further reduction of the products produced in Step 2 to methane and carbon dioxide.
This process is part of the global carbon cycle, which involves the fixation of carbon as CO2 by photosynthesis and the subsequent release as the organic matter synthesized decomposes anaerobically. The microorganisms responsible for Steps 1 & 2 reproduce more rapidly than the methane forming bacteria. If the population of methane forming bacteria is not adequate to reduce the organic acids and alcohols as they are produced, accumulation will occur.
Although the organic acids are sources of energy and carbon at low concentrations, they become toxic at higher concentrations. Thus, the absence in balance between the fermentation and methane forming bacterial populations can cause methane formation to be inhibited.
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a primary greenhouse gas with the chemical formula CO2. Carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by many organisms naturally such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. This CO2 is part of a natural environmental balance. However, when human activities also produce CO2 as a byproduct this balance is upset and new ways must be derived to treat CO2 in order to mitigate the effects of climate change caused by the release of primary greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.[2]
Conclusion
Biogas is primarily composed of methane (60%-70%) and carbon dioxide (30%-40%).
- Biogas is underutilized at the global level, and there is a lot of potential to increase biogas use and replace traditional fossil fuels.
- Some of the main challenges to biogas implementation are: lack of information, lack of government policies, lack of trained labor force, high cost, and cheaper alternative fuel sources.
- The methane formation process is 3 steps: acidogenesis, acetogensis, and methanogenesis
- When CO2 is formed naturally it is part of the carbon cycle and mitigates itself, but when released from human activity it is a harmful greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.
Further Reading
- Water and Energy for Food (WE4F) portal on energypedia
- Portal:Biogas
- Reader of the MOOC "Powering Agriculture - Sustainable Energy for Food"
- Biogas Potential in Ghana
- Agro Industrial Biogas in Kenya - DBFZ Study
- The Global Bioenergy Partnership Sustainability Indicators for Bioenergy
References
- ↑ World Bioenergy Association, 2013. Biogas - An Important Renewable Energy Source , Stockholm: World Bioenergy Association.fckLR
- ↑ United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2015. EPA - Overview of Greenhouse Gases. Available at: http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html
