View source for Business Viability Scenario for Solar Powered Irrigation in Mozambique

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{{Portuguese Version|Cenário Modelo para a Irrigação Solar em Moçambique}}

===Introduction===
[[File:Solar Pumping in Mozambique.JPG|right|302x302px|alt=|Photo credits : Youssouf Diallo, Practica Foundation]] 
This business model case looks into the financial viability of solar powered irrigation in Mozambique. All the data and prices used in this scenario are based on the market information obtained in January 2022 and was collected by contacting leading solar and diesel pumps provider in Mozambique. The information was collected via email and telephone inquiries. 

=== Demand Assumption ===
For the business scenario, a smallholder farmer in Zambezia province in Mozambique  is considered and he/she owns 1,2 hectors of land. The farmer wants to install a solar powered irrigation systems (SPIS) and is practicing two crop systems. This scenario also explores different funding models (grant, PAYGO..) for financing the SPIS system. 

To calculate the business scenario for solar powered irrigation systems (SPIS) in Mozambique, our methodology included four steps:

# Calculating the maximum annual crop water requirement 
# Sizing the SPIS system accordingly
# Sizing the diesel system accordingly
# Modelling the financial viability of the SPIS system

==== Calculating Crop Water Requirement ====
[[File:Temporal_distribution_of_rain_and_temperature_in_Zambezia_Province.png|right|border]]For this analysis, the farmer adopts a two-farming season with solo cropping i.e., only one crop is planted in the entire area of a farm at one time. The selected crops are Maize and Tomato. Maize is the staple crop in Mozambique and tomato is one of the high value crops. The main cropping season starts from Oct / Nov and the second cropping season starts in May. The farmer uses surface irrigation for maize as it is the most common form of irrigation in Mozambique and has an efficiency of 65%. For tomatoes, he/she will use drip irrigation with an efficiency of 90%.

Using the [[:File:SAFEGUARD WATER - Water Requirement Tool.xlsm|'''SPIS Toolbox – Water Requirement Tool''']], the maximum daily irrigation water requirement of the crops is calculated to be '''64 m<sup>3</sup>''' /day in the hottest month, based on the average rainfall and mean daily temperature of Zambezia Province. 

'''Table with the average rainfall and the mean daily temperature'''
{| class="wikitable"
|
|Jan
|Feb
|Mar
|Apr
|May
|June
|July
|Aug
|Sep
|Oct
|Nov
|Dec
|-
|Mean daily Temperature [°C]
|25
|24
|23
|23
|21
|20
|20
|20
|22
|24
|24
|24
|-
|Rainfall (mm/month
|290
|290
|260
|150
|60
|70
|30
|30
|20
|60
|150
|360
|}

==== Sizing the SPIS system ====
The SPIS system is based on the technical and financial assumption shown in the table below. The selected system is also already available in the Mozambican market and can meet the desired flow rate. 

'''Technical assumptions'''
{| class="wikitable"
|Daily solar  irradiance for Zambezia
|5.371 kWh/m<sup>2 </sup> 
|-
|System loss
|25%
|-
|Array type
|Fixed
|-
|Daily water  pumping rate
|64 m<sup>3</sup> /day
|-
|Head
|10 m
|-
|Required flow  rate if the pump runs for 6 hours
|10.6 m<sup>3</sup>/hr
|-
|Selected pump’s flow  rate at 10 m head
|15 m<sup>3</sup>
|-
|Maximum  vertical lift
|40
|-
|Type of pump
|Submersible
|-
|Solar panels  lifetime
|25 years
|}
'''Financial specifications'''
{| class="wikitable"
|Discount  rate
|13%
|-
|Price (CAPEX)
|80,000 MZN
|-
|Maintenance  cost*
|4% of CAPEX

3200 MZN per  year
|}
''*Replacement cost for spare parts such as charge controller, inverter and pumps was not considered in the financial calculation. For simplicity, the scenario looks at 25 years of life time for all components of the SPIS system.''

==== Sizing the Diesel Pump ====
The selected diesel pump has the following specification and is already available in the Mozambican market.  

'''Diesel Pump’s specification'''
{| class="wikitable"
|Flow rate
|36 m<sup>3</sup>/hr
|-
|Rated output
|2.8kW (3.8hp)  @3600rpm
|-
|Fuel  consumption rate
|347ml/kWh  @3600rpm
|-
|Fuel  consumption
|Fuel  consumption rate*Rated output

0.97 l/hr
|-
|CAPEX
|34,970 MZN
|-
|Maintenance  cost
|4% of CAPEX

1399 MZN
|-
|Operating cost
|14,074 MZN/year
|-
|Diesel price  per litre
|62 MZN/liter
|}
Based on the irrigation demand, the diesel pump will run for approximately '''227 hrs/year''' to meet all our water demands (as shown in the table below). 

'''Working time for diesel pump in a year'''
{| class="wikitable"
|
|May
|June
|July
|Au
|Sep
|Oct
|Nov
|Dec
|Jan
|Feb
|Mar
|Apr
|-
|water needs (m3/day)
|24,2
|31,3
|59
|64,3
|59
|15,2
|3,9
|0
|10
|0
|0
|0
|-
|hours the diesel pump needs to run to meet the daily water need [hr]
|0,67
|0,86
|1,63
|1,78
|1,63
|0,42
|0,10
|0
|0,27
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Generator working time [hrs/month]
|20,8
|26,1
|50,8
|55,4
|49,2
|13,1
|3,25
|
|8,6
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Diesel pump working time [hrs/year]'''
|'''227,2'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

===Modelling the Financial Viability of the Solar Pumps===

==== Cost Comparison Between Diesel and Solar Pumps ====
A cost comparison was done to see how do the diesel and solar pump compare over a lifetime of 25 years. This comparison looks at the CAPEX and operation & maintenance cost for both diesel and solar pumps (shown above).

As shown in the table as well as graph below, after 5 years, the solar pumps will be cheaper than diesel pump. 

[[File:Comparison_of_diesel_vs_solar_pump.png|alt=|border]]

==== Financing Schemes for the End Consumers ====
'''Model 1: 100% self financing under PAYGO'''

PAYGO: 1,000 MZN monthly installment

CAPEX: 80,000 MZN
[[File:Financing for SPIS in Mozambique.png|border|left]]


Under this model, the farmer will repay the cost of the entire system in 6.66 years. The farmer do not receive any grant or subsidy and will pay the monthly installment regularly for the indicated time frame.

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[[File:Financing_of_SPIS_using_Grant_and_PAYGO_in_Mozambique.png|alt=|border|right]]



'''Model 2 : Grant and PAYGO'''

Grant: 40% of CAPEX

PAYGO: 60% at 1,000 MZN monthly installment

CAPEX: 80,000 MZN

Under this model, the farmer will payback the system completely in 4 years time frame. The farmer also receives 40% of grant and will only payback the 60% of the system cost over the indicated timeframe. 

=== Grid Electricity ===
This analysis does not compare with the grid electricity as the grid is available mostly in urban settings and the areas where irrigation is needed, the farmers rely mostly on off-grid solutions. The electricity is also provided at a flat rate irrespective of the usage especially in case of social usage like irrigation.

=== Conclusion ===
Solar irrigation has a great potential in Mozambique, considering the demand for irrigation. However, the high upfront cost and lack of after-sales services do pose a challenge for the wider adoption of the solar pumps. There are cheaper models of pumps (mostly Chinese) available in the market but for our analysis we used the more reputed brands. 

In terms of PAYGO, the challenge lies in finding a balance between the amount the farmer is ready to pay and a time frame that the company is willing to take risks on. There are other solutions such as asset financing where the payment is distributed to harvest time and the farmer ultimately owns the system.
[[Category:Mozambique]]
[[Category:Solar Pumping]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Solar]]

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