View source for Global Tracking Framework for Measuring Energy Access


= Intorduction =

Energy Access used to be defined by whether or not a household had access to electricity or not. However, this over-simplistic criteria ignores the many forms in which people access and use energy. For example, many grid connected household only have access to electricity at a low voltage or their supply might be intermittent and therefore restrict their electricity usage to only a few hours a day. Also, defining energy access through grid connection does not take into account the energy needs for cooking and heating, which are often met through solid or liquid fuels, rather than through electricity. A further factor which needs to be considered in terms of energy access is the availability of energy for businesses, community institutions, such as schools, health facilities, government buildings, public buildings as well as street lights.<ref name="Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.">Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.</ref>&nbsp;In order to take into consideration these numerous different factors, all of which contribute towards energy access, a more holistic framework for measuring and defining energy access was needed.

&nbsp;

= The Global Tracking Framework and the Multi-Tier Framework =

The Multi-Tier Framework (MTF) for measuring energy access was first introduced in the 2013 Global Tracking Framework (GTF) report, written by the World Bank’s Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMP) together with other organisations and programs including Energizing Development, Lighting Africa, Practical Action, The Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, the UN Development Programme, the UN Industrial Development Organization, the World Bank, and the World Health Organization.<ref name="Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2014. Capturing the Multi-Dimensionality of Energy Access, s.l.: Live Wire.">Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2014. Capturing the Multi-Dimensionality of Energy Access, s.l.: Live Wire.</ref>&nbsp;The MTF was developed within the [http://www.se4all.org/ Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) initiative], due to the shortcomings of a binary energy access assessment, in which a household was either defined as having access to electricity or not. The aim of the framework is to “to monitor and evaluate energy access by following a multidimensional approach.”<ref name="ESMAP, n.d. Multi-Tier Framework for Measuring Energy Access. [Online] Available at: https://www.esmap.org/node/55526 [Accessed 27 August 2016].">ESMAP, n.d. Multi-Tier Framework for Measuring Energy Access. [Online] fckLRAvailable at: https://www.esmap.org/node/55526fckLR[Accessed 27 August 2016].</ref>&nbsp;This is done by measuring energy access using a multi-tiered-spectrum which ranges from Tier 0 (no access) to Tier 5 (the highest level of access).<ref name="ESMAP, n.d. Multi-Tier Framework for Measuring Energy Access. [Online] Available at: https://www.esmap.org/node/55526 [Accessed 27 August 2016].">ESMAP, n.d. Multi-Tier Framework for Measuring Energy Access. [Online] fckLRAvailable at: https://www.esmap.org/node/55526fckLR[Accessed 27 August 2016].</ref>&nbsp;The data gathered through the GTF can then be used to measure global progress towards the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) which aims to achieve universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services by 2030.<ref name="United Nations, 2015. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platforms. [Online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg7 [Accessed 16 November 2016].">United Nations, 2015. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platforms. [Online] fckLRAvailable at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg7fckLR[Accessed 16 November 2016].</ref>

'''The four main objectives of the MFT are to:'''

*“Establish a global baseline of energy access, starting in 10-15 high access deficit countries based on the multifaceted definition according to MTF;
*Transfer capacity to national statistical offices to keep tracking progress toward SE4ALL goals and SDG in the future and
*Continue improving tools and capacities for tracking progress towards reaching the SE4ALL objective of universal access to modern energy services by 2030, based on MTF and;
*Provide reliable data on energy sector that can meet needs of multiple stakeholders, including government, regulators, utilities, project developers, civil society organizations, developmental agencies, financial institutions, appliance manufacturers, international programs and the academia.”<ref name="United Nations, 2015. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platforms. [Online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg7 [Accessed 16 November 2016].">United Nations, 2015. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platforms. [Online] fckLRAvailable at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg7fckLR[Accessed 16 November 2016].</ref>

<br/>

[[File:Moving from a Binary Measurement to a Muti-Tire Measurment.png|center|700px|alt=Moving from a Binary Measurement to a Muti-Tire Measurment.png]]

<span style="font-size: 0.85em;">&nbsp;</span><br/>

The GTF includes three main sections. One for assessing household access to energy, one for assessing the access to energy for productive engagement and one category for assessing the access to energy for community facilities. Energy access for households is further divided into access to electricity, cooking solutions and space heating. Access to energy for community facilities looks at street lighting, health facilities, education facilities, community buildings and public offices.

<br/>

[[File:Structure of the Global Tracking Framework.png|center|700px|alt=Structure of the Global Tracking Framework.png]]

<br/>

An overall energy access level for households/productive use/community facilities can be obtained by calculating the average tier based on all of the individual categories within each index. Further data analysis could combine the results to calculate the average energy access level of a neighbourhood or region, and then comparing it to other regions or tracking the progress of that region over time.<ref name="Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.">Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.</ref>

= &nbsp;Household Energy =

== Access to Electricity ==

In the GTF household access to electricity is measured based on the capacity, duration, reliability, quality, affordability, legality and health and safety impacts. The criteria are technology neutral and focus only on the impacts for the consumer.<ref name="Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.">Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.</ref>&nbsp;Table 1 below shows how the different tiers for access to household electricity supply are determined within each category. In order to determine the overall energy tier of a household the average of all tiers is calculated.

<br/>

&nbsp;Table 1: Multi-Tier Matrix for Access to Household Electricity Supply<ref name="Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.">Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.</ref>

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"
|-
| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:113px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:47px;" | 
'''Tier 0'''

| style="width:75px;" | 
'''Tier 1'''

| style="width:75px;" | 
'''Tier 2'''

| style="width:73px;" | 
'''Tier 3'''

| style="width:69px;" | 
'''Tier 4'''

| style="width:75px;" | 
'''Tier 5'''

|-
| rowspan="3" style="width:75px;" | 
'''Capacity'''

| style="width:113px;" | 
Power

| style="width:47px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
≥ 3W

| style="width:75px;" | 
≥ 50W

| style="width:73px;" | 
≥ 200W

| style="width:69px;" | 
≥ 800W

| style="width:75px;" | 
≥ 2kW

|-
| style="width:113px;" | 
AND Daily capacity

| style="width:47px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
≥ 12Wh

| style="width:75px;" | 
≥ 200Wh

| style="width:73px;" | 
≥ 1.0 kWh

| style="width:69px;" | 
≥ 3.4 kWh

| style="width:75px;" | 
≥ 8.2 kWh

|-
| style="width:113px;" | 
OR Service

| style="width:47px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
Lighting of 1,000 lmhr per day and phone charging

| style="width:75px;" | 
Electrical lighting, air circulation, television and phone charging are possible

| style="width:73px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:69px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

|-
| rowspan="2" style="width:75px;" | 
'''Duration'''

| style="width:113px;" | 
Hours per day

| style="width:47px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
≥ 4hrs

| style="width:75px;" | 
≥ 4hrs

| style="width:73px;" | 
≥ 8hrs

| style="width:69px;" | 
≥ 16 hrs

| style="width:75px;" | 
≥ 23 hrs

|-
| style="width:113px;" | 
Hours per evening

| style="width:47px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:73px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:69px;" | 
≥ 4 hrs

| style="width:75px;" | 
≥ 4 hrs

|-
| style="width:75px;" | 
'''Reliability'''

| style="width:113px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:47px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:73px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:69px;" | 
≤ 14 disruptions per week

| style="width:75px;" | 
≤ 3 disruptions per week of total duration < 2hrs

|-
| style="width:75px;" | 
'''Quality'''

| style="width:113px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:47px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:73px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="2" style="width:143px;" | 
Voltage problems do not affect use of desired appliances

|-
| style="width:75px;" | 
'''Affordability'''

| style="width:113px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:47px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="3" style="width:217px;" | 
Cost of standard consumption package of 365 kWh per annum is < than 5% of household income

|-
| style="width:75px;" | 
'''Legality'''

| style="width:113px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:47px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:73px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="2" style="width:143px;" | 
Bill is paid to the utility, prepaid card seller of authorized representative

|-
| style="width:75px;" | 
'''Health and Safety'''

| style="width:113px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:47px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:73px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="2" style="width:143px;" | 
Absence of past accidents and perception of high risk in the future.

|}
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
''*The minimum power capacity rating in Watts are indicated, particularly for Tier 1 and Tier 2 as the efficiency of end-user appliances is critical to determining the real level capacity and thus the type of electricity service that can be performed.''

<br/>

While usually having good access to electricity supply results in a better access to energy services the two do not necessarily come together. A household could have good electricity supply, but not have access to household appliances, or vice versa. Therefore, Table 2 shows a separate multi-tier matrix for measuring a household’s access to electricity services.

<br/>

Table 2: Multi-tier Matrix for Access to Household Electricity Services<ref name="Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.">Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.</ref>

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
| style="width:50px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:72px;" | 
'''Tier 0'''

| style="width:85px;" | 
'''Tier 1'''

| style="width:103px;" | 
'''Tier 2'''

| style="width:94px;" | 
'''Tier 3'''

| style="width:94px;" | 
'''Tier 4'''

| style="width:103px;" | 
'''Tier 5'''

|-
| style="width:50px;" | 
'''Tier Criteria'''

| style="width:72px;" | 
Not applicable

| style="width:85px;" | 
Task lighting, Phone charging

| style="width:103px;" | 
General lighting, Television, Fan (if needed)

| style="width:94px;" | 
Tier 2 AND Any medium-power appliances

| style="width:94px;" | 
Tier 3 AND Any high-power appliances

| style="width:103px;" | 
Tier 4 AND Any very high power appliances

|}

&nbsp;

Table 3 shows the multi-tier matrix for accessing electricity consumption. This matrix is closely linked to the one for energy services.<ref name="Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.">Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.</ref>

<br/>

Table 3: Multi-tier Matrix for Electricity Consumption<ref name="Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.">Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.</ref>

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
| style="width:151px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:72px;" | 
'''Tier 0'''

| style="width:72px;" | 
'''Tier 1'''

| style="width:72px;" | 
'''Tier 2'''

| style="width:72px;" | 
'''Tier 3'''

| style="width:72px;" | 
'''Tier 4'''

| style="width:72px;" | 
'''Tier 5'''

|-
| style="width:151px;" | 
'''Annual Consumption levels, in kWh'''

| style="width:72px;" | 
<4.5

| style="width:72px;" | 
≥ 4.5

| style="width:72px;" | 
≥ 73

| style="width:72px;" | 
≥ 365

| style="width:72px;" | 
≥ 1,250

| style="width:72px;" | 
≥ 3,000

|-
| style="width:151px;" | 
'''Daily consumption levels, in Wh'''

| style="width:72px;" | 
<12

| style="width:72px;" | 
≥ 12

| style="width:72px;" | 
≥ 200

| style="width:72px;" | 
≥ 1,000

| style="width:72px;" | 
≥ 3,425

| style="width:72px;" | 
≥ 8,219

|}

&nbsp;

== Access to Cooking ==

The GTF measures household access to cooking based on the indoor air quality, cookstove efficiency, convenience, safety of the primary fuel, affordability, quality of the primary fuel and the availability of the primary fuel.

Table 4 shows the matrix used for accessing access to cooking solutions. “Although distinct, the multi-tier framework for household access to energy for cooking has been defined in a manner that is consistent with the International Workshop Agreement on Cookstoves (IWA) tiers for measuring cookstove performance. To avoid any confusion with the IWA “tiers” for cookstoves,&nbsp;the proposed multi-tier framework uses the term “levels” for improving echelons of attributes of cooking access.”<ref name="Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.">Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.</ref>

<span style="font-size: 0.85em;">&nbsp;</span><br/>

Table 4: Multi-Level Matrix for Access to Cooking Solutions<ref name="Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.">Bhatia, M. & Angelou, N., 2015. Beyond Connections - Energy Access Redifined, Washington: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.</ref>

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
| colspan="2" style="width:152px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:51px;" | 
'''Level 0'''

| style="width:89px;" | 
'''Level 1'''

| style="width:94px;" | 
'''Level 2'''

| style="width:95px;" | 
'''Level 3'''

| style="width:64px;" | 
'''Level 4'''

| style="width:58px;" | 
'''Level 5'''

|-
| rowspan="2" style="width:78px;" | 
'''Indoor Air Quality'''

| style="width:73px;" | 
'''PM 2.5 (''''''µ''''''g(m3)'''

| rowspan="2" style="width:51px;" | 
&nbsp;

| rowspan="2" style="width:89px;" | 
[To be specified by a competent agency, such as WHO, based on health risks]

| rowspan="2" style="width:94px;" | 
[To be specified by a competent agency, such as WHO, based on health risks]

| rowspan="2" style="width:95px;" | 
[To be specified by a competent agency, such as WHO, based on health risks]

| style="width:64px;" | 
< 35 (WHO, IT -1)

| style="width:58px;" | 
< 10 (WHO guideline)

|-
| style="width:73px;" | 
'''CO (mg/m3)'''

| style="width:64px;" | 
< 7 (WHO guideline)

| style="width:58px;" | 
< 7 (WHO guideline)

|-
| colspan="2" style="width:152px;" | 
'''Cookstove Efficiency (not to be applied if cooking solution is also used for heating)'''

| style="width:51px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:89px;" | 
Primary solution meets Tier 1 efficiency requirements [To be specified by a competent agency consistent with local cooking requirements]

| style="width:94px;" | 
Primary solution meets Tier 2 efficiency requirements [To be specified by a competent agency consistent with local cooking requirements]

| style="width:95px;" | 
Primary solution meets Tier 3 efficiency requirements [To be specified by a competent agency consistent with local cooking requirements]

| colspan="2" style="width:122px;" | 
Primary solution meets Tier 4 efficiency requirements [To be specified by a competent agency consistent with local cooking requirements]

|-
| rowspan="2" style="width:78px;" | 
'''Convenience'''

| style="width:73px;" | 
'''Stove preparation time (min/meal)'''

| style="width:51px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:89px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:94px;" | 
< 7

| style="width:95px;" | 
< 3

| style="width:64px;" | 
< 1.5

| style="width:58px;" | 
< 0.5

|-
| style="width:73px;" | 
'''Fuel acquisition and preparation time (hrs/week)'''

| style="width:51px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:89px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:94px;" | 
< 15

| style="width:95px;" | 
< 10

| style="width:64px;" | 
< 5

| style="width:58px;" | 
< 2

|-
| rowspan="2" style="width:78px;" | 
'''Safety of Primary Fuel'''

| style="width:73px;" | 
'''IWA safety tiers'''

| style="width:51px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:89px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:94px;" | 
Primary solution meets (provisional) ISO Tier 2

| style="width:95px;" | 
Primary solution meets (provisional) ISO Tier 3

| colspan="2" style="width:122px;" | 
Primary solution meets (provisional) ISO Tier 4

|-
| style="width:73px;" | 
'''OR Past accidents (burns, unintended fires)'''

| style="width:51px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:89px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:94px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:95px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="2" style="width:122px;" | 
No accidents over the past year that required professional medical attendance

|-
| colspan="2" style="width:152px;" | 
'''Affordability'''

| style="width:51px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:89px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:94px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:95px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="2" style="width:122px;" | 
Levelised cost of cooking solution (including cooking fuel) < 5% of household income

|-
| colspan="2" style="width:152px;" | 
'''Quality of Primary Fuel: Variations in heat rate due to fuel quality that affect ease of cooking.'''

| style="width:51px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:89px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:94px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:95px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="2" style="width:122px;" | 
No major effect

|-
| colspan="2" style="width:152px;" | 
'''Availability of Primary Fuel'''

| style="width:51px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:89px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:94px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:95px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:64px;" | 
Primary fuel is readily available for ≥ 80% of the year

| style="width:58px;" | 
Primary fuel is readily available throughout the year

|}

''*CO = carbon monoxide, ISO = International Organization for Standardization, IWA = International Workshop Agreement of Cookstoves, PM = Particulate Matter''

&nbsp;

== Access to Space-Heating ==

In many households, space heating is achieved through the same means as cooking. However, space heating is also often achieved (or augmented) through additional heating systems such as electric heating, fuel-based centralized district heating, fuel-based standalone heating, and direct solar heating. Therefor space heating has been assigned its own individual multi-tier framework, separate from the cooking framework. This allows for an individual access to energy for space heating index to be calculated, based on the categories shown in Table 5.<ref name="defined in a manner that is consistent with the International Workshop Agreement on Cookstoves (IWA) tiers for measuring cookstove performance. To avoid any confusion with the IWA “tiers” for cookstoves,"> defined in a manner that is consistent with the International Workshop Agreement on Cookstoves (IWA) tiers for measuring cookstove performance. To avoid any confusion with the IWA “tiers” for cookstoves,</ref>

<br/>

Table 5: Multi-Tier Matrix for Access to Space Heating<ref name="defined in a manner that is consistent with the International Workshop Agreement on Cookstoves (IWA) tiers for measuring cookstove performance. To avoid any confusion with the IWA “tiers” for cookstoves,"> defined in a manner that is consistent with the International Workshop Agreement on Cookstoves (IWA) tiers for measuring cookstove performance. To avoid any confusion with the IWA “tiers” for cookstoves,</ref>

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
| colspan="2" style="width:113px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:63px;" | 
'''Level 0'''

| style="width:81px;" | 
'''Level 1'''

| style="width:75px;" | 
'''Level 2'''

| style="width:90px;" | 
'''Level 3'''

| style="width:90px;" | 
'''Level 4'''

| style="width:90px;" | 
'''Level 5'''

|-
| colspan="2" style="width:113px;" | 
'''Capacity'''

| style="width:63px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:81px;" | 
Personal space around individuals is heater

| colspan="2" style="width:165px;" | 
At least one room is heated

| colspan="2" style="width:181px;" | 
All rooms of the house are heated

|-
| colspan="2" style="width:113px;" | 
'''Duration'''

| style="width:63px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:81px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:90px;" | 
At least half the time when needed (>50% of the time)

| style="width:90px;" | 
Most hours when needed (>75% of the time)

| style="width:90px;" | 
Almost all hours when needed (>95% of the time)

|-
| colspan="2" style="width:113px;" | 
'''Quality'''

| style="width:63px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:81px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:90px;" | 
Comfortable temperature ≥ 50% of the time

| style="width:90px;" | 
Comfortable temperature ≥ 75% of the time

| style="width:90px;" | 
Comfortable temperature all of the time

|-
| colspan="2" style="width:113px;" | 
'''Convenience (Fuel collection time)'''

| style="width:63px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:81px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
≤ 7 hrs/wk

| style="width:90px;" | 
≤ 3 hrs/wk

| style="width:90px;" | 
≤ 1.5 hrs/wk

| style="width:90px;" | 
≤ 0.5 hrs/wk

|-
| colspan="2" style="width:113px;" | 
'''Affordability'''

| style="width:63px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:81px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="3" style="width:271px;" | 
Max 2 times grid tariff

|-
| colspan="2" style="width:113px;" | 
'''Reliability'''

| style="width:63px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:81px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:90px;" | 
≤ 3 disruptions per day

| style="width:90px;" | 
≤ 7 disruptions per week

| style="width:90px;" | 
≤ 3 disruptions per week of total duration < 2 hours

|-
| rowspan="2" style="width:56px;height:42px;" | 
'''Indoor Air Quality'''

| style="width:57px;height:42px;" | 
'''PM 2.5 (''''''µ''''''g/m3)'''

| style="width:63px;height:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| rowspan="2" style="width:81px;height:42px;" | 
[To be specified by a competent agency, such as WHO, based on health risks]

| rowspan="2" style="width:75px;height:42px;" | 
[To be specified by a competent agency, such as WHO, based on health risks]

| rowspan="2" style="width:90px;height:42px;" | 
[To be specified by a competent agency, such as WHO, based on health risks]

| style="width:90px;height:42px;" | 
< 35 (WHO, IT -1)

| style="width:90px;height:42px;" | 
< 10 (WHO guideline)

|-
| style="width:57px;height:50px;" | 
'''CO (mg/m3)'''

| style="width:63px;height:50px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:90px;height:50px;" | 
< 7 (WHO guideline)

| style="width:90px;height:50px;" | 
< 7 (WHO guideline)

|-
| colspan="2" style="width:113px;" | 
'''Safety'''

| style="width:63px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:81px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:75px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:90px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="2" style="width:181px;" | 
No accidents over the past year that required professional medical attendance

|}

''*BLEENS = biogas, LPG, ethanol, natural gas and solar. CO = carbon monoxide, kWh = kilowatt hour, LPG = liquid petroleum gas, Max = maximum, Min = minimum, PM, particulate matter, W = Watts, WH = what-hours, WHO = World Health Organization''

&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 0.85em;">&nbsp;</span>

= Productive Use =

“Productive uses of energy are defined as those that increase income or productivity, referred to as value-adding activities.”<ref name="defined in a manner that is consistent with the International Workshop Agreement on Cookstoves (IWA) tiers for measuring cookstove performance. To avoid any confusion with the IWA “tiers” for cookstoves,"> defined in a manner that is consistent with the International Workshop Agreement on Cookstoves (IWA) tiers for measuring cookstove performance. To avoid any confusion with the IWA “tiers” for cookstoves,</ref>&nbsp;This quite general definition makes is difficult to define an energy access framework for productive use, due to the many different types of energy requirements which might be encountered. The productive use framework shown in Table 6 was devised based on energy access experiences of individuals in productive engagements. It includes all of the major energy applications/impacts which were found to be relevant for productive use activities.<ref name="defined in a manner that is consistent with the International Workshop Agreement on Cookstoves (IWA) tiers for measuring cookstove performance. To avoid any confusion with the IWA “tiers” for cookstoves,"> defined in a manner that is consistent with the International Workshop Agreement on Cookstoves (IWA) tiers for measuring cookstove performance. To avoid any confusion with the IWA “tiers” for cookstoves,</ref>

&nbsp;

Table 6: Multi-tier Matrix for Access to Energy for Productive Use<ref name="defined in a manner that is consistent with the International Workshop Agreement on Cookstoves (IWA) tiers for measuring cookstove performance. To avoid any confusion with the IWA “tiers” for cookstoves,"> defined in a manner that is consistent with the International Workshop Agreement on Cookstoves (IWA) tiers for measuring cookstove performance. To avoid any confusion with the IWA “tiers” for cookstoves,</ref>

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
| colspan="4" style="width:178px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:42px;" | 
'''Tier 0'''

| style="width:68px;" | 
'''Tier 1'''

| style="width:68px;" | 
'''Tier 2'''

| style="width:82px;" | 
'''Tier 3'''

| style="width:82px;" | 
'''Tier 4'''

| style="width:82px;" | 
'''Tier 5'''

|-
| rowspan="5" style="width:59px;" | 
'''Capacity'''

| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="width:63px;" | 
'''Electricity'''

| style="width:55px;" | 
'''Power'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
≥ 3 W

| style="width:68px;" | 
≥ 50 W

| style="width:82px;" | 
≥ 200 W

| style="width:82px;" | 
≥ 800 W

| style="width:82px;" | 
≥ 2 kW

|-
| style="width:55px;" | 
'''Daily supply capacity'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
≥ 12 Wh

| style="width:68px;" | 
≥ 200 Wh

| style="width:82px;" | 
≥ 1.0 kWh

| style="width:82px;" | 
≥ 3.4 kWh

| style="width:82px;" | 
≥ 8.2 kWh

|-
| style="width:55px;" | 
'''Typical source'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
Solar lantern

| style="width:68px;" | 
Solar home system

| style="width:82px;" | 
Generator or mini-grid

| style="width:82px;" | 
Generator or grid

| style="width:82px;" | 
Grid

|-
| colspan="3" style="width:119px;" | 
'''Non-Electric'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
Available non-electric energy partially meets requirements

| style="width:82px;" | 
Available non-electric energy largely meets the requirements

| style="width:82px;" | 
Available non-electric energy fully meets all requirements

|-
| colspan="3" style="width:119px;" | 
'''Both'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="3" style="width:247px;" | 
No relevant application is absent solely due to energy supply constraints

|-
| rowspan="3" style="width:59px;" | 
'''Duration of Daily Supply'''

| colspan="3" style="width:119px;" | 
'''Electricity'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
≥ 2 hrs

| style="width:68px;" | 
≥ 4 hrs

| style="width:82px;" | 
≥ 50% of working hours

| style="width:82px;" | 
Most working hours, ≥ 75&nbsp;%

| style="width:82px;" | 
Almost all of working hours, ≥ 95%

|-
| colspan="3" style="width:119px;" | 
'''Non-Electric'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
Available non-electric energy partially meets requirements

| style="width:82px;" | 
Available non-electric energy largely meets the requirements

| style="width:82px;" | 
Available non-electric energy fully meets all requirements

|-
| colspan="3" style="width:119px;" | 
'''Both'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="3" style="width:247px;" | 
Long working hours are not prevented solely by lack of adequate energy (capacity or duration)

|-
| colspan="4" style="width:178px;" | 
'''Reliability'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
No reliability issues that have severe impact

| style="width:82px;" | 
No reliability issues or little impact

|-
| colspan="4" style="width:178px;" | 
'''Quantity'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
No quality issues that have severe impact

| style="width:82px;" | 
No quality issues or little impact

|-
| colspan="4" style="width:178px;" | 
'''Affordability'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
Variable cost of energy is less than two times the grid tariff

| style="width:82px;" | 
Variable cost of energy is less than the grid tariff

|-
| colspan="4" style="width:178px;" | 
'''Legality'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="2" style="width:165px;" | 
Energy bill is paid to the utility/pre-paid card seller/authorized representative/legal market operator

|-
| colspan="4" style="width:178px;" | 
'''Convenience'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
Time and energy in securing and preparing energy does not cause severe impact

| style="width:82px;" | 
No convenience issues or little impact

|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="width:99px;" | 
'''Health (Indoor Air quality from use of fuels)'''

| colspan="2" style="width:79px;" | 
'''PM 2.5 (''''''µ''''''g(m3)'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| rowspan="2" style="width:68px;" | 
[To be specified by a competent agency, such as WHO, based on health risks]

| rowspan="2" style="width:68px;" | 
[To be specified by a competent agency, such as WHO, based on health risks]

| rowspan="2" style="width:82px;" | 
[To be specified by a competent agency, such as WHO, based on health risks]

| style="width:82px;" | 
< 35 (WHO, IT -1)

| style="width:82px;" | 
< 10 (WHO guideline)

|-
| colspan="2" style="width:79px;" | 
'''CO (mg/m3)'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
< 7 (WHO guideline)

| style="width:82px;" | 
< 7 (WHO guideline)

|-
| colspan="2" style="width:79px;" | 
'''OR Use of fuels (BLEENS)'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="2" style="width:150px;" | 
Use of non-BLEENS solutions (if any) for heating in the open or with some extraction

| colspan="2" style="width:165px;" | 
Use of BLEENS of equivalent solutions only

|-
| colspan="4" style="width:178px;" | 
'''Safety'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
Energy solutions have not caused any accidents over the past year that required professional medical assistance

| style="width:82px;" | 
Energy solutions have not caused any accidents over the past year.

|-
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|}

''*BLEENS = biogas, LPG, ethanol, natural gas and solar. CO = carbon monoxide, kWh = kilowatt hour, LPG = liquid petroleum gas, Max = maximum, Min = minimum, PM, particulate matter, W = Watts, WH = what-hours, WHO = World Health Organization''

<span style="font-size: 0.85em;">&nbsp;</span><br/>

= Community Energy =

Access to energy in community areas/facilities is very important for the socioeconomic development of a community. As an example, having access to energy can improve the quality of education and healthcare facilities by being able to power electric device, lights and heating systems. The huge diversity found in different communities in terms of their available facilities and resultants energy demands make it challenging to assemble a single comprehensive framework for community energy access. Due to this complexings street lighting coverage energy access for community institutions have been assigned two separate frameworks. The multi-tier frameworks for energy access in community institutions (shown in Table 7) and street lighting (shown in Table 8) were devised based on surveys with community institutions, as well as community members using these institutions.<ref name="defined in a manner that is consistent with the International Workshop Agreement on Cookstoves (IWA) tiers for measuring cookstove performance. To avoid any confusion with the IWA “tiers” for cookstoves,"> defined in a manner that is consistent with the International Workshop Agreement on Cookstoves (IWA) tiers for measuring cookstove performance. To avoid any confusion with the IWA “tiers” for cookstoves,</ref>

&nbsp;

Table 7: Multi-tier Matrix for Measuring Access in Community Institutions<ref name="defined in a manner that is consistent with the International Workshop Agreement on Cookstoves (IWA) tiers for measuring cookstove performance. To avoid any confusion with the IWA “tiers” for cookstoves,"> defined in a manner that is consistent with the International Workshop Agreement on Cookstoves (IWA) tiers for measuring cookstove performance. To avoid any confusion with the IWA “tiers” for cookstoves,</ref>

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
| colspan="4" style="width:178px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:42px;" | 
'''Tier 0'''

| style="width:68px;" | 
'''Tier 1'''

| style="width:68px;" | 
'''Tier 2'''

| style="width:82px;" | 
'''Tier 3'''

| style="width:82px;" | 
'''Tier 4'''

| style="width:82px;" | 
'''Tier 5'''

|-
| rowspan="5" style="width:59px;" | 
'''Capacity'''

| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="width:63px;" | 
'''Electricity'''

| style="width:55px;" | 
'''Power'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
≥ 3 W

| style="width:68px;" | 
≥ 50 W

| style="width:82px;" | 
≥ 200 W

| style="width:82px;" | 
≥ 800 W

| style="width:82px;" | 
≥ 2 kW

|-
| style="width:55px;" | 
'''Daily supply capacity'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
≥ 12 Wh

| style="width:68px;" | 
≥ 200 Wh

| style="width:82px;" | 
≥ 1.0 kWh

| style="width:82px;" | 
≥ 3.4 kWh

| style="width:82px;" | 
≥ 8.2 kWh

|-
| style="width:55px;" | 
'''Typical source'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
Solar lantern

| style="width:68px;" | 
Solar home system

| style="width:82px;" | 
Generator or mini-grid

| style="width:82px;" | 
Generator or grid

| style="width:82px;" | 
Grid

|-
| colspan="3" style="width:119px;" | 
'''Non-Electric'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
Available non-electric energy partially meets requirements

| style="width:82px;" | 
Available non-electric energy largely meets the requirements

| style="width:82px;" | 
Available non-electric energy fully meets all requirements

|-
| colspan="3" style="width:119px;" | 
'''Both'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="3" style="width:247px;" | 
No relevant application is absent solely due to energy supply constraints

|-
| rowspan="3" style="width:59px;" | 
'''Duration of Daily Supply'''

| colspan="3" style="width:119px;" | 
'''Electricity'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
≥ 2 hrs

| style="width:68px;" | 
≥ 4 hrs

| style="width:82px;" | 
≥ 50% of working hours

| style="width:82px;" | 
Most working hours, ≥ 75&nbsp;%

| style="width:82px;" | 
Almost all of working hours, ≥ 95%

|-
| colspan="3" style="width:119px;" | 
'''Non-Electric'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
Available non-electric energy partially meets requirements

| style="width:82px;" | 
Available non-electric energy largely meets the requirements

| style="width:82px;" | 
Available non-electric energy fully meets all requirements

|-
| colspan="3" style="width:119px;" | 
'''Both'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="3" style="width:247px;" | 
Long working hours are not prevented solely by lack of adequate energy (capacity or duration)

|-
| colspan="4" style="width:178px;" | 
'''Reliability'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
No reliability issues that have severe impact

| style="width:82px;" | 
No reliability issues or little impact

|-
| colspan="4" style="width:178px;" | 
'''Quantity'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
No quality issues that have severe impact

| style="width:82px;" | 
No quality issues or little impact

|-
| colspan="4" style="width:178px;" | 
'''Affordability'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
Variable cost of energy is less than two times the grid tariff

| style="width:82px;" | 
Variable cost of energy is less than the grid tariff

|-
| colspan="4" style="width:178px;" | 
'''Legality'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="2" style="width:165px;" | 
Energy bill is paid to the utility/pre-paid card seller/authorized representative/legal market operator

|-
| colspan="4" style="width:178px;" | 
'''Convenience'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
Time and energy in securing and preparing energy does not cause severe impact

| style="width:82px;" | 
No convenience issues or little impact

|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width:89px;" | 
'''Health and Safety'''

| colspan="2" style="width:89px;" | 
'''Health: Use of fuels (BLEENS)'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="2" style="width:150px;" | 
Use of non-BLEENS solutions (if any) for heating in the open or with some extraction

| colspan="2" style="width:165px;" | 
Use of BLEENS of equivalent solutions only

|-
| colspan="2" style="width:89px;" | 
'''Safety'''

| style="width:42px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:82px;" | 
Energy solutions have not caused any accidents over the past year that required professional medical assistance

| style="width:82px;" | 
Energy solutions have not caused any accidents over the past year

|-
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|}

&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Table 8: Multi-tier Matrix for Access to Street Lighting<ref name="defined in a manner that is consistent with the International Workshop Agreement on Cookstoves (IWA) tiers for measuring cookstove performance. To avoid any confusion with the IWA “tiers” for cookstoves,"> defined in a manner that is consistent with the International Workshop Agreement on Cookstoves (IWA) tiers for measuring cookstove performance. To avoid any confusion with the IWA “tiers” for cookstoves,</ref>

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
| style="width:68px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:45px;" | 
'''Tier 0'''

| style="width:94px;" | 
'''Tier 1'''

| style="width:99px;" | 
'''Tier 2'''

| style="width:99px;" | 
'''Tier 3'''

| style="width:99px;" | 
'''Tier 4'''

| style="width:99px;" | 
'''Tier 5'''

|-
| style="width:68px;" | 
'''Capacity'''

| style="width:45px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:94px;" | 
≥ 2 functional street lamp in the neighbourhood*

| style="width:99px;" | 
≥ 12% of the neighbourhood is covered by functional street lamps

| style="width:99px;" | 
≥ 50% of the neighbourhood is covered by functional street lamps

| style="width:99px;" | 
≥ 75% of the neighbourhood is covered by functional street lamps

| style="width:99px;" | 
≥ 95% of the neighbourhood is covered by functional street lamps

|-
| style="width:68px;" | 
'''Durations'''

| style="width:45px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:94px;" | 
Street lighting functions for ≥ 2 hrs/day

| style="width:99px;" | 
Street lighting functions for ≥ 4 hrs/day

| style="width:99px;" | 
Street lighting functions for ≥ 50% of night hrs/day

| style="width:99px;" | 
Street lighting functions for ≥ 75% of night hrs/day

| style="width:99px;" | 
Street lighting functions for ≥ 95% of night hrs/day

|-
| style="width:68px;" | 
'''Reliability'''

| style="width:45px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:94px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:99px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:99px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="2" style="width:198px;" | 
No reliability issues perceived by users

|-
| style="width:68px;" | 
'''Quality'''

| style="width:45px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:94px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:99px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:99px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="2" style="width:198px;" | 
No brightness issues perceived by users

|-
| style="width:68px;" | 
'''Health and Safety'''

| style="width:45px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:94px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:99px;" | 
&nbsp;

| style="width:99px;" | 
&nbsp;

| colspan="2" style="width:198px;" | 
No perceived risk of electrocution due to poor installation or maintenance

|}

''*Neighbourhood is defined as area within a distance of 0.5 km from the household''

&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 0.85em;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 0.85em;">&nbsp;</span>

= Outlook =

<span style="font-size: 0.85em;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 0.85em;">&nbsp;</span><br/>

= Further Information =

*[http://trackingenergy4all.worldbank.org/reports Global Tracking Framework 2015]
*
*[[Energy Access Figures|Energy Access Figures]]
*[[Results Based Financing in the Energy Access Sector - Brainstorm|Results Based Financing in the Energy Access Sector]]
*[[Carbon Markets for Energy Access Projects|Carbon Markets for Energy Access Projects]]
*[[Access to Modern Energy|Access to Modern Energy]]

<span style="background-color: initial; font-size: 21.76px;">&nbsp;</span><br/>


= References =

'''The multi-tier matrices where taken from the ESMAP report ''Beyond Connections – Energy Access Redefined'''''

<br/>

''<references />''<br/>

&nbsp;

[[Category:Basic_Energy_Sevices]]
[[Category:Cooking_Energy]]
[[Category:Energy_Access]]
[[Category:Energy_Use]]
[[Category:Productive_Use]]
[[Category:Sustainable_Development_Goals_(SDGs)]]