Wind Energy - Climate Change - Revision history

Lisafeldmann at 13:25, 23 November 2015

2015-11-23T13:25:35Z

Ranisha at 12:49, 29 August 2014

2014-08-29T12:49:48Z

Ranisha at 15:13, 12 August 2014

2014-08-12T15:13:44Z

Ranisha at 15:12, 12 August 2014

2014-08-12T15:12:00Z

Ranisha: /* Further Information */

2014-08-01T11:07:35Z

Further Information

Wiki Gardener at 15:35, 11 June 2014

2014-06-11T15:35:14Z

Show changes

Katharina Wiedemann: moved Climate Change - Wind Energy to Wind Energy - Climate Change

2012-05-03T13:11:06Z

moved Climate Change - Wind Energy to Wind Energy - Climate Change

Katharina Wiedemann at 13:10, 3 May 2012

2012-05-03T13:10:43Z

Katharina Wiedemann at 13:04, 3 May 2012

2012-05-03T13:04:14Z

Katharina Wiedemann at 13:03, 3 May 2012

2012-05-03T13:03:24Z

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 The extent to which a wind energy project can be developed into a '''Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) '''pursuant to Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol, with positive impacts on the economic efficiency of the project, is investigated below. The first step in that direction is
 *to describe and appraise essential institutional framework conditions for CDM projects in a country.
 *This will be followed by a check-through of the planned project on the basis of formal criteria.
 *Finally, a cost-benefit assessment of project development with utilisation of CDM has to be made.
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
+[[Wind Energy - Climate Change#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 === Local Institutional Framework Conditions<br/> ===
@@ Line 27: / Line 28: @@
 *Capacity building: for climate protection projects; training measures for the implementation of future CDM projects
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#toc|►Go to Top]]
+[[Wind Energy - Climate Change#toc|►Go to Top]]
 === Formal Project Appraisal<br/> ===
@@ Line 34: / Line 35: @@
 '''Example: Gao/Mali (calculation acc. to OECD/IEA for "mini-grids with diesel generator, but without storage")'''<br/>The planned project involves an isolated system comprising a diesel generating unit with an installed capacity of 4,000 kW and a newly added wind energy conversion system with an output of approx. 1,000 kW. Since the total output of the resultant '''wind-diesel hybrid system '''remains below 15 MW, the project falls within the category off-grid systems, which covers all mini-grid projects up to that capacity limit. The planned project does not include an energy store. Hence, the emission reduction effects attributable to the project must be calculated according to the standardised baseline methods (OECD/IEA) for the project category "mini-grids with diesel generator, but without storage“. The emission reduction will result from the substitution<br/>of diesel fuel by wind energy.<br/>The supplementary nature of the project is indicated here by way of a brief "barrier analysis". <u>This analysis counts as confirmation of supplementarity, if at least one barrier exists that would have ruled out implementation of the project without CDM:</u>
 *Investment barrier: a system designed under purely financial aspects would have employed a different technology with higher specific emission levels.
 *Technology barrier: under risk aspects, a technologically less progressive technology with higher specific emissions would have been employed (applies in particular to technologies with still-load levels of market penetration).
@@ Line 43: / Line 45: @@
 Of these four categories, at least the one entitled "technology barrier" and the closely related "barrier to prevailing practice“ can be regarded as fulfilled for the proposed project.<br/>The need for a detailed examination of the supplementarity of the planned project no longer applies, if the project is recognised as a product type corresponding to the "Simplified Modalities and Procedures for Small-Scale CDM Project Activities“ of the CDM Executive Boards (here: Group I.D.). Hence, any future application of the project as a CDM can take place on the basis of the "Simplified Project Design Documents for Small-Scale Project Activities“ (SSC-PDD).
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#toc|►Go to Top]]
+[[Wind Energy - Climate Change#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Cost-benefit Considerations for CDM Project Development<br/> ==
@@ Line 50: / Line 52: @@
 The emission reduction attributable to a project is first calculated in application of the baseline methods stated in the "Simplified Modalities and Procedures for Small Scale CDM Project Activities“ of the CDM Executive Board. The subsequent detailed calculation is then performed on the basis of the design data of the planned wind farm.<br/><u>Greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to any of four source categories:</u>
 *direct emissions or emission reductions "on-site", e.g., from combustion processes
 *direct emissions or emission reductions "off-site", e.g., from upstream and downstream steps of the supply chain
@@ Line 60: / Line 63: @@
 <br/><u>The following effects are accounted for in the detailed calculation of the specific emission reduction resulting from the generation of wind power:</u>
 *Wind power generation only replaces diesel power generation to the fractional amount of kwind feed-in. Calculations and simulations based on the design data, the wind characteristics at the planned WECS site, and the load structure yield a factor of 99.5 %.
 *Due to its fluctuating structure, wind power feed-in causes a loss of efficiency for the diesel unit. Technical calculations and measurements conducted on the existing plant indicate an anticipated increase in specific fuel consumption from 281 ldiesel/MWhelectr to 286
 *ldiesel/MWhelectr. The value 3.2 kg CO2/kg diesel serves here as the conversion factor for diesel. The specific gravity, or relative weight, of diesel amounts to 820 - 845 kg/m³ (DIN 590), i.e., some 0.833 kg/l on average. The specific CO2 emissions therefore amount to:
@@ Line 72: / Line 76: @@
 [[File:Equation ex.JPG|frame|center|180px|Formula: Equation]]
-This yields a specific emission reduction of 0.678 kg CO<sub>2eq</sub>/kWh<sub>electr</sub>. Hence, the detailed calculation shows the emission reductions to be about 15 % lower than in the case of the estimate calculation permitted for small-scale projects. For the project sponsor, then, there is no reason to pursue project development outside of the "Simplified Modalities and Procedures for Small Scale CDM Project Activities" of the CDM Executive Board.
+This yields a specific emission reduction of 0.678 kg CO<sub>2eq</sub>/kWh<sub>electr</sub>. Hence, the detailed calculation shows the emission reductions to be about 15&nbsp;% lower than in the case of the estimate calculation permitted for small-scale projects. For the project sponsor, then, there is no reason to pursue project development outside of the "Simplified Modalities and Procedures for Small Scale CDM Project Activities" of the CDM Executive Board.
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#toc|►Go to Top]]
+[[Wind Energy - Climate Change#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Further Information =
@@ Line 82: / Line 86: @@
 <br/>
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#toc|►Go to Top]]
+[[Wind Energy - Climate Change#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = References =
@@ Line 90: / Line 94: @@
 <br/>
 [[Category:Carbon_Market]]

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 *Finally, a cost-benefit assessment of project development with utilisation of CDM has to be made.
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#Environmental_Advantages_of_Wind_Energy_Utilisation|►Go to Top]]<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 === Local Institutional Framework Conditions<br/> ===
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 *Capacity building: for climate protection projects; training measures for the implementation of future CDM projects
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#Environmental_Advantages_of_Wind_Energy_Utilisation|►Go to Top]]
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#toc|►Go to Top]]
 === Formal Project Appraisal<br/> ===
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 Of these four categories, at least the one entitled "technology barrier" and the closely related "barrier to prevailing practice“ can be regarded as fulfilled for the proposed project.<br/>The need for a detailed examination of the supplementarity of the planned project no longer applies, if the project is recognised as a product type corresponding to the "Simplified Modalities and Procedures for Small-Scale CDM Project Activities“ of the CDM Executive Boards (here: Group I.D.). Hence, any future application of the project as a CDM can take place on the basis of the "Simplified Project Design Documents for Small-Scale Project Activities“ (SSC-PDD).
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#Environmental_Advantages_of_Wind_Energy_Utilisation|►Go to Top]]
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Cost-benefit Considerations for CDM Project Development<br/> ==
@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
 This yields a specific emission reduction of 0.678 kg CO<sub>2eq</sub>/kWh<sub>electr</sub>. Hence, the detailed calculation shows the emission reductions to be about 15 % lower than in the case of the estimate calculation permitted for small-scale projects. For the project sponsor, then, there is no reason to pursue project development outside of the "Simplified Modalities and Procedures for Small Scale CDM Project Activities" of the CDM Executive Board.
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#Environmental_Advantages_of_Wind_Energy_Utilisation|►Go to Top]]
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Further Information =
 *[[Wind Energy - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)|Wind Energy - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)]]<br/>
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#Environmental_Advantages_of_Wind_Energy_Utilisation|►Go to Top]]
+<br/>
 = References =
@@ Line 87: / Line 88: @@
 <references />
-<br/>[[Portal:Wind|-> Back to the Wind Portal]]
+<br/>
 [[Category:Clean_Development_Mechanism_(CDM)]]

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 *Finally, a cost-benefit assessment of project development with utilisation of CDM has to be made.
-<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#Environmental_Advantages_of_Wind_Energy_Utilisation|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 === Local Institutional Framework Conditions<br/> ===
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 *Capacity building: for climate protection projects; training measures for the implementation of future CDM projects
-<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#Environmental_Advantages_of_Wind_Energy_Utilisation|►Go to Top]]
 === Formal Project Appraisal<br/> ===
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 Of these four categories, at least the one entitled "technology barrier" and the closely related "barrier to prevailing practice“ can be regarded as fulfilled for the proposed project.<br/>The need for a detailed examination of the supplementarity of the planned project no longer applies, if the project is recognised as a product type corresponding to the "Simplified Modalities and Procedures for Small-Scale CDM Project Activities“ of the CDM Executive Boards (here: Group I.D.). Hence, any future application of the project as a CDM can take place on the basis of the "Simplified Project Design Documents for Small-Scale Project Activities“ (SSC-PDD).
-<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#Environmental_Advantages_of_Wind_Energy_Utilisation|►Go to Top]]
 == Cost-benefit Considerations for CDM Project Development<br/> ==
@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
 This yields a specific emission reduction of 0.678 kg CO<sub>2eq</sub>/kWh<sub>electr</sub>. Hence, the detailed calculation shows the emission reductions to be about 15 % lower than in the case of the estimate calculation permitted for small-scale projects. For the project sponsor, then, there is no reason to pursue project development outside of the "Simplified Modalities and Procedures for Small Scale CDM Project Activities" of the CDM Executive Board.
-<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#Environmental_Advantages_of_Wind_Energy_Utilisation|►Go to Top]]
 = Further Information =
@@ Line 83: / Line 81: @@
 *[[Wind Energy - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)|Wind Energy - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)]]<br/>
-<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Climate_Change#Environmental_Advantages_of_Wind_Energy_Utilisation|►Go to Top]]
 = References =
@@ Line 91: / Line 89: @@
 <br/>[[Portal:Wind|-> Back to the Wind Portal]]
 [[Category:Carbon_Market]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 = Environmental Advantages of Wind Energy Utilisation<br/> =
@@ Line 37: / Line 39: @@
 *Other hindrances: institutional, organisational obstacles, lack of financial resources, lack of expert knowledge.
+<br/>
 Of these four categories, at least the one entitled "technology barrier" and the closely related "barrier to prevailing practice“ can be regarded as fulfilled for the proposed project.<br/>The need for a detailed examination of the supplementarity of the planned project no longer applies, if the project is recognised as a product type corresponding to the "Simplified Modalities and Procedures for Small-Scale CDM Project Activities“ of the CDM Executive Boards (here: Group I.D.). Hence, any future application of the project as a CDM can take place on the basis of the "Simplified Project Design Documents for Small-Scale Project Activities“ (SSC-PDD).
@@ Line 53: / Line 55: @@
 *indirect emissions or emission reductions "off-site" due to leakage effects, e.g., mediumterm changes in the supply structure resulting from technology diffusion or the like.
+<br/>
 In case of projects belonging to the "Small-scale CDM" category, only direct on-site emissions are normally accounted for. For wind-diesel hybrid systems without storage, this means, in a conservative approach, that the emission reduction is to be calculated on the basis of the diesel fuel saved by the provision of wind-generated electricity. The estimated emission factor for diesel units supplying power to a mini-grid 24 hours a day and having an installed capacity in excess of 200 kW amounts to 0.8 kg CO2eq/kWhelectr.24 The annual electric work totalling approx. 1.1 GWH/a estimated for wind-power generation is to be evaluated<br/>with this emission factor. The annual emission reduction calculated for the wind farm according to that simplified approach amounts to approx. 880 t CO2eq/a.<br/>The above estimate ignores some of the emission-reducing effects dealt with below. Since the use of an appropriately expanded baseline method would lead to significant additional costs in connection with transportation (whereas the project would no longer be able to utilise the other, simplified rules for small-scale CDM projects, e.g., the SSC-PDD), such an approach would, considering the size of the project, rule itself out (due to inadequate cash-flow for covering the additional costs). The following calculation therefore serves indicative purposes enabling an assessment of the error that would be made with the simplified method of<br/>calculation.
-<u><br/>The following effects are accounted for in the detailed calculation of the specific emission reduction resulting from the generation of wind power:</u>
+<br/><u>The following effects are accounted for in the detailed calculation of the specific emission reduction resulting from the generation of wind power:</u>
 *Wind power generation only replaces diesel power generation to the fractional amount of kwind feed-in. Calculations and simulations based on the design data, the wind characteristics at the planned WECS site, and the load structure yield a factor of 99.5 %.
 *Due to its fluctuating structure, wind power feed-in causes a loss of efficiency for the diesel unit. Technical calculations and measurements conducted on the existing plant indicate an anticipated increase in specific fuel consumption from 281 ldiesel/MWhelectr to 286
@@ Line 74: / Line 76: @@
 <br/>
 = Further Information =
 *[[Portal:Wind|Wind portal on energypedia]]<br/>
-*[[Wind_Energy_-_Environmental_Impact_Assessment_(EIA)|Wind Energy - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)]]<br/>
+*[[Wind Energy - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)|Wind Energy - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)]]<br/>
 = References =
@@ Line 87: / Line 91: @@
 <br/>[[Portal:Wind|-> Back to the Wind Portal]]
 [[Category:Wind]]
 [[Category:Hybrid_Systems]]
 [[Category:Clean_Development_Mechanism_(CDM)]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:07, 1 August 2014
Line 73:		Line 73:

	<br/>		<br/>
		+

	= Further Information =		= Further Information =

		+	*[[Portal:Wind\|Wind portal on energypedia]]<br/>
		+	*[[Wind_Energy_-_Environmental_Impact_Assessment_(EIA)\|Wind Energy - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)]]<br/>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 = Environmental Advantages of Wind Energy Utilisation<br/> =
-=== <span class="l">Certified Emission Reduction</span> (CER) - a by-product<br/> ===
+=== <span class="l">Certified Emission Reduction</span> (CER) - a By-product<br/> ===
 [[File:CER a byproduct.JPG|frame|center|Figure: CER a by-product]]<ref>GTZ-CaPP 2004: Windenergie: Option für CDM in China. http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/de-windenergie-fachgespraeche-liptow-cdmchina-2005.pdf</ref>
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 [[File:CDM project cycle.JPG|frame|center|Figure: CDM Project Cycle]] <ref>GTZ-CaPP 2004: Windenergie: Option für CDM in China. http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/de-windenergie-fachgespraeche-liptow-cdmchina-2005.pdf</ref>
-== Assessing potentials for CDM Project<ref>content prepared based on: GTZ 2004: Feasibility Study Gao Wind Farm, Mali – Wind-Diesel System. Final Report. Page Environmental Benefits - 7.1 Environmental Advantages of Wind Energy Utilisation, Evaluation as a Potential CDM Project http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-windenergy-mali-feasibility-study-gao-2004.pdf</ref><br/> ==
+== Assessing Potentials for CDM Project<ref>content prepared based on: GTZ 2004: Feasibility Study Gao Wind Farm, Mali – Wind-Diesel System. Final Report. Page Environmental Benefits - 7.1 Environmental Advantages of Wind Energy Utilisation, Evaluation as a Potential CDM Project http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-windenergy-mali-feasibility-study-gao-2004.pdf</ref><br/> ==
 The extent to which a wind energy project can be developed into a '''Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) '''pursuant to Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol, with positive impacts on the economic efficiency of the project, is investigated below. The first step in that direction is
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 *Finally, a cost-benefit assessment of project development with utilisation of CDM has to be made.
-=== Local institutional framework conditions<br/> ===
 *Kyoto Protocol: A first important prerequisite for CDM projects in cooperation with the industrialised countries is that the countries have committed themselves to reducing emissions, as listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol.
 *National authority: With regard to concrete projects, the establishment of a Designated National Authorityfor the national approval and institutional backstopping of CDM projects would be of major significance.
 *Capacity building: for climate protection projects; training measures for the implementation of future CDM projects
 === Formal Project Appraisal<br/> ===
@@ Line 36: / Line 40: @@
 Of these four categories, at least the one entitled "technology barrier" and the closely related "barrier to prevailing practice“ can be regarded as fulfilled for the proposed project.<br/>The need for a detailed examination of the supplementarity of the planned project no longer applies, if the project is recognised as a product type corresponding to the "Simplified Modalities and Procedures for Small-Scale CDM Project Activities“ of the CDM Executive Boards (here: Group I.D.). Hence, any future application of the project as a CDM can take place on the basis of the "Simplified Project Design Documents for Small-Scale Project Activities“ (SSC-PDD).
-=== Calculation of emission reduction (wind-diesel hybrid)<br/> ===
 The emission reduction attributable to a project is first calculated in application of the baseline methods stated in the "Simplified Modalities and Procedures for Small Scale CDM Project Activities“ of the CDM Executive Board. The subsequent detailed calculation is then performed on the basis of the design data of the planned wind farm.<br/>Greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to any of four source categories:
@@ Line 71: / Line 77: @@
 [[Category:Carbon_Market]]
 [[Category:Clean_Development_Mechanism_(CDM)]]
 [[Category:Wind_Energy]]