Standards for System Installation and Wiring - Revision history

Thomas Ameny at 20:14, 8 April 2019

2019-04-08T20:14:30Z

Wiki Gardener at 12:58, 23 May 2015

2015-05-23T12:58:28Z

Ranisha: /* Further Information */

2014-08-15T13:03:56Z

Further Information

Ranisha at 12:59, 15 August 2014

2014-08-15T12:59:35Z

Ranisha at 14:42, 7 July 2014

2014-07-07T14:42:57Z

Wiki Gardener at 12:51, 31 January 2014

2014-01-31T12:51:25Z

Wiki Gardener at 12:50, 31 January 2014

2014-01-31T12:50:25Z

Wiki Gardener: /* References */

2014-01-31T12:49:43Z

References

Wiki Gardener at 12:49, 31 January 2014

2014-01-31T12:49:14Z

Show changes

Katharina Meder at 13:53, 11 August 2011

2011-08-11T13:53:05Z

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 The temperature resistance of all interconnecting wires and cables should be > 85° C.
+<br/>
 <u>The minimum acceptable cross-section of the wire in each of the following sub-circuits is as follows:</u>
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 Notwithstanding the above minimum wire-size requirements, all wiring must be sized to keep line voltage losses to less than 3% between PV generator and battery, less than 1% between battery and charge regulator, and less than 5% between battery and load, all of them at the maximum current conditions. The minimum cross-section must also allow the circuit to operate within the capacity rating of the wire.
+<br/>
 = Calculating Wire-Size =
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 where A is the minimum cross-section of the cable, l the single (one-way) length of the cable, I<sub>Max</sub> the maximum current and ΔV the allowable voltage loss.
+<br/>
 ''<u>Comment</u>: Alternatively, the following formula can be used to calculate the voltage-loss on a given cable:<br/>ΔV [V] = 2 * l [m]* I<sub>Max</sub>[A] / (56 m / Ω mm<sup>2</sup> * A[mm<sup>2</sup>])<br/>For example, the maximum length of a 2.5 mm<sup>2</sup> cable connecting one 50 W<sub>peak</sub> PV module (I<sub>Max</sub> = 3 A) with the battery is approx. 8 m at a tolerable voltage loss of 3%. For a 4 mm<sup>2</sup> cable, the maximum length is 13 m, and for a 6 mm<sup>2</sup> cable, it is 20 m.''
+<br/>
 = Coloring of the Wire =
 All wiring shall be colour-coded and/or labelled. The following conventions shall be followed for two-conductor DC wiring in PV power systems:
 Positive: Red or brown
 Negative: Black or blue
@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 Suspended cables shall be mounted so that the lowest point is at least 2.8 m above ground level. The cable shall be held in position by suitable brackets and strain relief to prevent mechanical wear and any strain on the electrical connections.
+<br/>
 <u>Fuses and circuit-breakers shall</u>:<br/>
@@ Line 147: / Line 147: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Solar]]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 = Overview =
-This overview on standards for [[Solar_Systems_-_Wiring_and_Fitting|system installation and wiring]] for [[Solar_Home_Systems_(SHS)|solar home systems]] and is an extract of the publication: [[:file:Gtz quality standards for solar home systems and rural health power supply.pdf|Quality Standards for Solar Home Systems and Rural Health Power Supply: Photovoltaic Systems in Developing Countries, February 2000.]]
+This overview on standards for [[Solar Systems - Wiring and Fitting|system installation and wiring]] for [[Solar Home Systems (SHS)|solar home systems]] and is an extract of the publication: [[:file:Gtz quality standards for solar home systems and rural health power supply.pdf|Quality Standards for Solar Home Systems and Rural Health Power Supply: Photovoltaic Systems in Developing Countries, February 2000.]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 The temperature resistance of all interconnecting wires and cables should be > 85° C.
 <u>The minimum acceptable cross-section of the wire in each of the following sub-circuits is as follows:</u>
 *From PV generator to charge regulator: 2.5 mm<sup>2</sup> (American AWG 13)
 *From charge regulator to battery: 4 mm<sup>2</sup> (American AWG 11)
@@ Line 26: / Line 29: @@
 Notwithstanding the above minimum wire-size requirements, all wiring must be sized to keep line voltage losses to less than 3% between PV generator and battery, less than 1% between battery and charge regulator, and less than 5% between battery and load, all of them at the maximum current conditions. The minimum cross-section must also allow the circuit to operate within the capacity rating of the wire.
 = Calculating Wire-Size =
 <u>For copper cables and 12 V of nominal voltage, the following formula can be used:</u>
@@ Line 36: / Line 39: @@
 where A is the minimum cross-section of the cable, l the single (one-way) length of the cable, I<sub>Max</sub> the maximum current and ΔV the allowable voltage loss.
 ''<u>Comment</u>: Alternatively, the following formula can be used to calculate the voltage-loss on a given cable:<br/>ΔV [V] = 2 * l [m]* I<sub>Max</sub>[A] / (56 m / Ω mm<sup>2</sup> * A[mm<sup>2</sup>])<br/>For example, the maximum length of a 2.5 mm<sup>2</sup> cable connecting one 50 W<sub>peak</sub> PV module (I<sub>Max</sub> = 3 A) with the battery is approx. 8 m at a tolerable voltage loss of 3%. For a 4 mm<sup>2</sup> cable, the maximum length is 13 m, and for a 6 mm<sup>2</sup> cable, it is 20 m.''
 = Coloring of the Wire =
-All wiring shall be colour-coded and/or labelled. The following conventions shall be followed for two-conductor DC wiring in PV power systems: Positive : Red or brown Negative : Black or blue
+All wiring shall be colour-coded and/or labelled. The following conventions shall be followed for two-conductor DC wiring in PV power systems:
 Earth conductors, either separate or as a third wire in 3-core cables, if present, must be green-yellow.
@@ Line 80: / Line 91: @@
 Suspended cables shall be mounted so that the lowest point is at least 2.8 m above ground level. The cable shall be held in position by suitable brackets and strain relief to prevent mechanical wear and any strain on the electrical connections.
 <u>Fuses and circuit-breakers shall</u>:<br/>
 *be rated for DC service
 *have voltage ratings greater than the maximum circuit voltage
@@ Line 89: / Line 103: @@
 <br/>
-health of the Wire
+<u>Health of the Wire</u>
 For circuits where normal transient surges are expected (e.g. when starting motors, refrigerator-compressors, etc.), the fuses or circuit breakers should have an appropriate time-delay before activation.
@@ Line 118: / Line 132: @@
 <br/>
 = Further Information =
@@ Line 124: / Line 137: @@
 *[[Technical Standards for Solar Home Systems (SHS)|Technical Standards for Solar Home Systems(SHS)]]
 *[[Standards for Grounding and Lightning Protection|Standards for Grounding and Lightning Protection]]
-*[[Solar_Systems_-_Wiring_and_Fitting|Solar Systems - Wiring and Fitting]]<br/>
+*[[Solar Systems - Wiring and Fitting|Solar Systems - Wiring and Fitting]]<br/>
 <br/>
 = References =
-*This overview on standards for [[Solar_Systems_-_Wiring_and_Fitting|installation and wiring]] for [[Solar_Home_Systems_(SHS)|solar home systems]] is an extract of the publication [[:File:Gtz_quality_standards_for_solar_home_systems_and_rural_health_power_supply.pdf|Quality Standards for Solar Home Systems and Rural Health Power Supply. Photovoltaic Systems in Developing Countries, February 2000.]]
+*This overview on standards for [[Solar Systems - Wiring and Fitting|installation and wiring]] for [[Solar Home Systems (SHS)|solar home systems]] is an extract of the publication [[:File:Gtz quality standards for solar home systems and rural health power supply.pdf|Quality Standards for Solar Home Systems and Rural Health Power Supply. Photovoltaic Systems in Developing Countries, February 2000.]]
 <references />
 [[Category:Solar_Home_Systems_(SHS)]]

@@ Line 118: / Line 118: @@
 <br/>
 = Further Information =
-*[[Technical_Standards_for_Solar_Home_Systems_(SHS)|Technical Standards for Solar Home Systems(SHS)]]
+*[[Technical Standards for Solar Home Systems (SHS)|Technical Standards for Solar Home Systems(SHS)]]
 <br/>
 = References =

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 = Overview =
-This overview on standards for [[Solar Systems - Wiring and Fitting|system installation and wiring]] for [[Solar Home Systems|solar home systems]] and is an extract of the publication: [[:file:Gtz quality standards for solar home systems and rural health power supply.pdf|GTZ, Division 44, Environmental Management, Water, Energy, Transport: Quality Standards for Solar Home Systems and Rural Health Power Supply. Photovoltaic Systems in Developing Countries, February 2000.]]
+This overview on standards for [[Solar_Systems_-_Wiring_and_Fitting|system installation and wiring]] for [[Solar_Home_Systems_(SHS)|solar home systems]] and is an extract of the publication: [[:file:Gtz quality standards for solar home systems and rural health power supply.pdf|Quality Standards for Solar Home Systems and Rural Health Power Supply: Photovoltaic Systems in Developing Countries, February 2000.]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 <br/>
-Notwithstanding the above minimum wire-size requirements, all wiring must be sized to keep line voltage losses to less than 3% between PV generator and battery, less than 1% between battery and charge regulator, and less than 5% between battery and load, all of them at the maximum current conditions. The minimum cross-section must also allow the circuit to operate within the ampacity rating of the wire.
+Notwithstanding the above minimum wire-size requirements, all wiring must be sized to keep line voltage losses to less than 3% between PV generator and battery, less than 1% between battery and charge regulator, and less than 5% between battery and load, all of them at the maximum current conditions. The minimum cross-section must also allow the circuit to operate within the capacity rating of the wire.
 = Calculating Wire-Size =
-<u></u><br/>
+<br/>
 <u>For copper cables and 12 V of nominal voltage, the following formula can be used:</u>
@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 Conduits to battery boxes or battery enclosures shall not provide a route through which hydrogen gas may escape, leading to any area or device (relays, etc.) where there is a danger of sparks.
-Cables must be joined by the use of junction boxes, screw-connectors, block-connectors or by crimping ferrules (with insulated heat-shrink sleeves). All stranded wires must beterminated with proper end-sleeves. Soldering in the field and the use of wire nuts are not allowed. The rated current-carrying capacity of each joint must not be less than the circuit current rating.
+Cables must be joined by the use of junction boxes, screw-connectors, block-connectors or by crimping ferrules (with insulated heat-shrink sleeves). All stranded wires must be terminated with proper end-sleeves. Soldering in the field and the use of wire nuts are not allowed. The rated current-carrying capacity of each joint must not be less than the circuit current rating.
 Junction boxes or enclosures must be dust- and waterproof, non-corrosive and electrically insulated (no metal boxes). Interior junction boxes shall have an IP protection of at least IP 32, and external junction boxes a minimum of IP 55 according to IEC 60529.
@@ Line 93: / Line 93: @@
 For circuits where normal transient surges are expected (e.g. when starting motors, refrigerator-compressors, etc.), the fuses or circuit breakers should have an appropriate time-delay before activation.
-<u>Health</u>: Every circuit connected to a battery shall have a circuit breaker for protection against high fault currents or overloading. In a two-conductor grounded system these shall be installed in the ungrounded (positive) conductors. They shall be installed as close to the energy source as possible, to minimise the risks of electrical shock.
+<u>Health</u>: Every circuit connected to a battery shall have a circuit breaker for protection against high fault currents or overloading. In a two-conductor grounded system these shall be installed in the underground (positive) conductors. They shall be installed as close to the energy source as possible, to minimise the risks of electrical shock.
 <u>Health</u>: Required fuses and/or circuit breakers may be integrated into the regulator-box or installed separately in a fuse or distribution box located near the regulator and battery. Each fuse or circuit-breaker shall be clearly marked with rated capacity and the circuit for which it is used.
@@ Line 116: / Line 116: @@
 The warranty for wiring, installation and the performance of the entire system shall be one year (World Bank: 6 months) from the date of commissioning (or date of acceptance test).
 <br/>
@@ Line 124: / Line 122: @@
 *[[Technical_Standards_for_Solar_Home_Systems_(SHS)|Technical Standards for Solar Home Systems(SHS)]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 131: / Line 127: @@
 = References =
-This overview on standards for [https://energypedia.info/Wiring and Fitting system installation and wiring] for [https://energypedia.info/Solar Home Systems solar home systems] and is an extract of the publication:
+*This overview on standards for [[Solar_Systems_-_Wiring_and_Fitting|installation and wiring]] for [[Solar_Home_Systems_(SHS)|solar home systems]] is an extract of the publication [[:File:Gtz_quality_standards_for_solar_home_systems_and_rural_health_power_supply.pdf|Quality Standards for Solar Home Systems and Rural Health Power Supply. Photovoltaic Systems in Developing Countries, February 2000.]]
 <references />
 [[Category:Solar]]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 = Overview =
-This overview on standards for [[Wiring and Fitting|system installation and wiring]] for [[Solar Home Systems|solar home systems]] and is an extract of the publication: [[:file:Gtz_quality_standards_for_solar_home_systems_and_rural_health_power_supply.pdf|GTZ, Division 44, Environmental Management, Water, Energy, Transport: Quality Standards for Solar Home Systems and Rural Health Power Supply. Photovoltaic Systems in Developing Countries, February 2000.]]
+This overview on standards for [[Solar Systems - Wiring and Fitting|system installation and wiring]] for [[Solar Home Systems|solar home systems]] and is an extract of the publication: [[:file:Gtz quality standards for solar home systems and rural health power supply.pdf|GTZ, Division 44, Environmental Management, Water, Energy, Transport: Quality Standards for Solar Home Systems and Rural Health Power Supply. Photovoltaic Systems in Developing Countries, February 2000.]]
 <br/>
 ''<u>Comment</u>: The CENELEC committee CLC BTTF 86-2 recently (06/98) drafted a standard-proposal entitled "Photovoltaic Systems–Solar Home Systems, Safety and Performance Test Requirements and Procedures", which was kindly made available by TÜV-Rheinland. This proposal mainly provides recommendations for system installation, wiring, earthing/grounding and system documentation. The technical specifications given in this proposal are not very precise yet; therefore, most of the following text proposals are taken from other sources''.
 Stranded and flexible insulated copper wires and cables must be used for all outdoor and indoor installations. Indoor installation of the lighting distribution system might be performed with solid wires, if appropriate and common practice.
@@ Line 22: / Line 26: @@
 Notwithstanding the above minimum wire-size requirements, all wiring must be sized to keep line voltage losses to less than 3% between PV generator and battery, less than 1% between battery and charge regulator, and less than 5% between battery and load, all of them at the maximum current conditions. The minimum cross-section must also allow the circuit to operate within the ampacity rating of the wire.
 <u>For copper cables and 12 V of nominal voltage, the following formula can be used:</u>
@@ Line 30: / Line 38: @@
 ''<u>Comment</u>: Alternatively, the following formula can be used to calculate the voltage-loss on a given cable:<br/>ΔV [V] = 2 * l [m]* I<sub>Max</sub>[A] / (56 m / Ω mm<sup>2</sup> * A[mm<sup>2</sup>])<br/>For example, the maximum length of a 2.5 mm<sup>2</sup> cable connecting one 50 W<sub>peak</sub> PV module (I<sub>Max</sub> = 3 A) with the battery is approx. 8 m at a tolerable voltage loss of 3%. For a 4 mm<sup>2</sup> cable, the maximum length is 13 m, and for a 6 mm<sup>2</sup> cable, it is 20 m.''
 All wiring shall be colour-coded and/or labelled. The following conventions shall be followed for two-conductor DC wiring in PV power systems: Positive : Red or brown Negative : Black or blue
 Earth conductors, either separate or as a third wire in 3-core cables, if present, must be green-yellow.
 All exposed wiring must be in UV-resistant conduits or be firmly fastened to the building and/or support structure. Cable binders, clamps and other fixing material must also be UV-resistant, preferably made of polyethylene. (<u>''Comment''</u>'': Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is definitely not UV-resistant and will become brittle within less than one year in direct sunlight'').
@@ Line 60: / Line 74: @@
 Underground cables shall be buried at least 0.5 m below the surface, mechanically protected either by a conduit or laid in a sand-bed without any sharp rocks or stones.
 <u>Health, Optional</u>: Underground cables shall be a minimum of 1 m below the surface and be indicated with markers (coloured plastic tape, minimum 50 mm wide, or lining with bricks or slates, 0.3 m above the cable). Underground cables shall be used across all areas with vehicular traffic, in preference to overhead cables.
@@ Line 72: / Line 88: @@
 <br/>
 For circuits where normal transient surges are expected (e.g. when starting motors, refrigerator-compressors, etc.), the fuses or circuit breakers should have an appropriate time-delay before activation.
@@ Line 105: / Line 123: @@
 = Further Information =
+*[[Technical_Standards_for_Solar_Home_Systems_(SHS)|Technical Standards for Solar Home Systems(SHS)]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 117: / Line 133: @@
 This overview on standards for [https://energypedia.info/Wiring and Fitting system installation and wiring] for [https://energypedia.info/Solar Home Systems solar home systems] and is an extract of the publication:
-[[:File:Gtz_quality_standards_for_solar_home_systems_and_rural_health_power_supply.pdf|GTZ, Division 44, Environmental Management, Water, Energy, Transport: Quality Standards for Solar Home Systems and Rural Health Power Supply. Photovoltaic Systems in Developing Countries, February 2000.]]
+[[:File:Gtz quality standards for solar home systems and rural health power supply.pdf|GTZ, Division 44, Environmental Management, Water, Energy, Transport: Quality Standards for Solar Home Systems and Rural Health Power Supply. Photovoltaic Systems in Developing Countries, February 2000.]]
 <references />
 [[Category:Solar_Home_Systems_(SHS)]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:53, 11 August 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	This overview on standards for [[Wiring and Fitting\|system installation and wiring]] for [[Solar Home Systems\|solar home systems]] and is an extract of the publication: [~~http~~:~~//www.energypedia.info/index.php/~~file:Gtz_quality_standards_for_solar_home_systems_and_rural_health_power_supply.pdf GTZ, Division 44, Environmental Management, Water, Energy, Transport: Quality Standards for Solar Home Systems and Rural Health Power Supply. Photovoltaic Systems in Developing Countries, February 2000.]	+	This overview on standards for [[Wiring and Fitting\|system installation and wiring]] for [[Solar Home Systems\|solar home systems]] and is an extract of the publication: [[:file:Gtz_quality_standards_for_solar_home_systems_and_rural_health_power_supply.pdf\|GTZ, Division 44, Environmental Management, Water, Energy, Transport: Quality Standards for Solar Home Systems and Rural Health Power Supply. Photovoltaic Systems in Developing Countries, February 2000.]]

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