Peru Energy Situation - Revision history

Lisafeldmann at 08:12, 30 October 2023

2023-10-30T08:12:05Z

Katharina Telfser: /* Further Information */

2020-09-11T14:02:28Z

Further Information

Ranisha at 21:11, 10 July 2018

2018-07-10T21:11:53Z

Ranisha at 14:45, 31 August 2017

2017-08-31T14:45:44Z

Ranisha at 08:29, 9 February 2017

2017-02-09T08:29:06Z

Ranisha at 16:22, 8 February 2017

2017-02-08T16:22:42Z

Ranisha at 08:18, 20 January 2017

2017-01-20T08:18:06Z

Julio Eisman at 09:34, 19 August 2016

2016-08-19T09:34:12Z

Julio Eisman: /* Non Governmental Service Provider in Rural Area */

2016-08-19T09:30:52Z

Non Governmental Service Provider in Rural Area

Ranisha at 16:40, 9 December 2015

2015-12-09T16:40:21Z

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 == Energy for Cooking Purposes<br/> ==
-In rural areas the predominant energy source is biomass, which is used for cooking. Out of the rural Peruvian households, 84% use fuelwood for cooking, while 24% use animal dung, 11% use agriculture residue, 2% use kerosene and 14% use LPG.<ref name="Meier,2010">_</ref>Electricity for cooking is not used in the rural households. The high price of electricity as well as the availability of others inexpensive energy sources, are the main reasons for not used it.<br/>Households located in the north and the central region of the Andean highlands and the Amazon region use fuelwood as their main energy source (94%, 92% and 95% of households respectively), due to its availability and its low cost.<ref name="Meier,2010">_</ref><br/>Moreover, in rural households located in the central and south coastal region LPG is used the most cooking energy fuels (63% and 53% of the households, respectively). On the other hand, in these regional states rural families use firewood for cooking (74% and 68% of households, respectively).<ref name="Meier,2010">_</ref> The use of LPG is associated with households with better incomes since LPG is more expensive. These households also have better road infrastructure, which is required to distribute LPG to end users, thus they are not considered "poor households".<br/>Households which use fuelwood, animal dung and agriculture residue as main energy source, predominantly use three fire stone as cooking stoves.
+In rural areas the predominant energy source is biomass, which is used for cooking. Out of the rural Peruvian households, 84% use fuelwood for cooking, while 24% use animal dung, 11% use agriculture residue, 2% use kerosene and 14% use LPG.<ref name="Meier,2010">P. Meier et al / ESMAP (2010): Peru - National Survey of Rural Household Energy Use. Energy and Poverty. Special Report 007/10.</ref>Electricity for cooking is not used in the rural households. The high price of electricity as well as the availability of others inexpensive energy sources, are the main reasons for not used it.<br/>Households located in the north and the central region of the Andean highlands and the Amazon region use fuelwood as their main energy source (94%, 92% and 95% of households respectively), due to its availability and its low cost.<ref name="Meier,2010">_</ref><br/>Moreover, in rural households located in the central and south coastal region LPG is used the most cooking energy fuels (63% and 53% of the households, respectively). On the other hand, in these regional states rural families use firewood for cooking (74% and 68% of households, respectively).<ref name="Meier,2010">_</ref> The use of LPG is associated with households with better incomes since LPG is more expensive. These households also have better road infrastructure, which is required to distribute LPG to end users, thus they are not considered "poor households".<br/>Households which use fuelwood, animal dung and agriculture residue as main energy source, predominantly use three fire stone as cooking stoves.
 Since the weather is cold and windy in the Peruvian Andes, women generally cook in kitchens with small windows and almost no air circulation, causing a serious and constant threat for the health of their families. Very often the level of indoor air contamination recommended by '''WHO (World Health Organization)''' is highly exceeded because of the inefficient burning of biomass. Hence, respiratory infections are quite common among poor and rural people.<br/>

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 [[Peru Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Further Information =
 *[http://en.microsol-int.com/microsol/our-work Analysis of the potential to foster electricity and lighting access in the Andean region, thanks to carbon mechanism] - Microsol and Rexel Foundation, study led from June 2013 to May 2014. The study provides an overview of access to electricity and lighting in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Chile.
 [[Peru Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = References =

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 |CES Country|CES Country Name=Peru
 |CES Country Capital=Lima
-|CES Country Region=Latin America & Caribbean
+|CES Country Region Latin America=Latin America
 |CES Country Coordinates=12.0433° S, 77.0283° W
 }}
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 [[Category:Latin_America]]

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-{{CES Country
+{{CES Country|CES Country Name=Peru
 |CES Country Capital=Lima
 |CES Country Region=Latin America & Caribbean
 |CES Country Coordinates=12.0433° S, 77.0283° W
 }}
 = Introduction =
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 Studies carried out by the Pan American Health Organization in Peruvian districts, have shown direct correlations between respiratory infections and the years of exposure to smoke from traditional fires. Usually women and young children are affected the most. They spend a minimum five hours daily exposed to smoke in the kitchen, which has a serious impact on their health. The older the women the more they have been exposed to this indoor air pollution and the more they suffer from respiratory illnesses such as bronchitis and cough.
-Further, it was proved that the risk of chronic bronchitis is connected with the exposure to smoke from biomass burning in childhood. Especially infants under 5 years are affected by acute respiratory infections (ARI), which is responsible for almost 20% of all deaths in this age group.<br/>The WHO published the IAP National Burden of Disease Estimates in 2007. To compare, globally in 2000, indoor air pollution was responsible for more than 1.5 million deaths and 2.7% of the global burden of disease (GBD). For Bolivia the GBD is 1.9%, Guatemala 3.1%, Colombia 0.4% and Ecuador 0.1%. In Peru the percentage of national burden of disease attributable to biomass fuel use is 0.9 %.<br/>Fuel from biomass is scarce and firewood is becoming a commodity. There is a growing energy crisis, most of all in areas over 3.800 meters above sea level, where the key source of energy for families is wood. Instead they have to use dry grass, dung and yareta, an almost extinguished plant that needs 850 years to grow. Biomass resources are exploited with consequences like erosion and the decrease of plant species.<br/>Energy for social infrastructure resembles the families’ situation, both for cooking and for hot water availability. In 90 % of the health care centre in the Andean area of Arequipa there exists a lack of warm water, which is required for cleaning patient care instruments and material handling.<br/>
+Further, it was proved that the risk of chronic bronchitis is connected with the exposure to smoke from biomass burning in childhood. Especially infants under 5 years are affected by acute respiratory infections (ARI), which is responsible for almost 20% of all deaths in this age group.<br/>The WHO published the IAP National Burden of Disease Estimates in 2007. To compare, globally in 2000, indoor air pollution was responsible for more than 1.5 million deaths and 2.7% of the global burden of disease (GBD). For Bolivia the GBD is 1.9%, Guatemala 3.1%, Colombia 0.4% and Ecuador 0.1%. In Peru the percentage of national burden of disease attributable to biomass fuel use is 0.9&nbsp;%.<br/>Fuel from biomass is scarce and firewood is becoming a commodity. There is a growing energy crisis, most of all in areas over 3.800 meters above sea level, where the key source of energy for families is wood. Instead they have to use dry grass, dung and yareta, an almost extinguished plant that needs 850 years to grow. Biomass resources are exploited with consequences like erosion and the decrease of plant species.<br/>Energy for social infrastructure resembles the families’ situation, both for cooking and for hot water availability. In 90&nbsp;% of the health care centre in the Andean area of Arequipa there exists a lack of warm water, which is required for cleaning patient care instruments and material handling.<br/>
 [[Peru Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
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 == Rural Household Energy Use<br/> ==
-See also: [[File:ESMAP PeruNationalSurvey Web 0.pdf| Peru National Survey]]
+See also: [[File:ESMAP PeruNationalSurvey Web 0.pdf|180px|Peru National Survey|alt=Peru National Survey]]
 [[Peru Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
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 Power in Peru is generated by private and state owned companies. In 2008, 14 companies generated electricity for the market four of them accounted for 72.5% of the total capacity:<ref name="MEM,2009">MEM.2009.Peru sector electrico 2009:documento promotor. Ministerio de Energia y Minas, Republica de Peru. Lima, Peru. 40 p.</ref>
 *[http://www.edegel.com/ EDEGEL S.A.A.]: 1,574MW<br/>
 *[http://www.electroperu.com.pe/ Electroperú S.A. (ELP)]: 1,032 MW<br/>
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 == Non Governmental Service Provider in Rural Area<br/> ==
-'''ACCIONA Microenergía Perú: '''a peruvian non for profit association created by the corporate foundation of the spanish ACCIONA group.From 2009, it is providing electricity &nbsp;with solar home systems to households located in remote isolated village of Cajamarca region, with a fee for service model. The fee is determined by the regulator, OSINERGMIN, according with the energy capacity of the solar system. ACCIONA Microenergía Perú also develops local technicians for maintenance and repairs and local entrepreneurs selling appliances compatible with the SHS.
+'''ACCIONA Microenergía Perú: '''a peruvian non for profit association created by the corporate foundation of the spanish ACCIONA group.From 2009, it is providing electricity &nbsp;with solar home systems to 4.000 households located in remote isolated village of Cajamarca region, with a fee for service model. The fee is determined by the regulator, OSINERGMIN, according with the energy capacity of the solar system. ACCIONA Microenergía Perú also develops local technicians for maintenance and repairs and local entrepreneurs selling appliances compatible with the SHS.
 *'''Heifer-Perú:''' since 1997 this nonprofit organization had disseminated 2,929 ICS in the Deparments of Piura, Lambayaque, Cusco y Apurimac.
 *'''ADRA-Peru '''among its activities is the construction or house improvement through so called “Hogares Saludables” project in which ICS had been disseminated.
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 == Others Organizations or Institutions Involved in this Sector<br/> ==
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 <u>In this law were established the conditions under which these activities (generation, transmission and distribution) need a concession granted by the Peruvian Government.<br/>Others complementary laws are:</u><br/>
 *'''Law on the Regulatory Framework on Investment in Public Services''' (Law No 27332-Ley Marco de los Organismos Reguladores de la Inversion Privada en los Servicios Publicos) in which the conditions were set for further investment into electricity generation and transmission.
 *'''Law to ensure efficient development of electricity generation''' (Ley para asegurar el desarrollo eficiente de la generacion electrica-No 28832)
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 <u>Beside these laws, additional regulations were adopted, such as:</u><br/>
 *'''Cogeneration regulation''' (D.S.No.037-2006-EM)
 *'''Efficient development of electricity generation regulation '''(D.S.No.053-2007)<br/>
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 = Further Information<br/> =
-*[https://energypedia.info/EnDev-Peru EnDev-Peru]
 *[http://en.microsol-int.com/microsol/our-work Analysis of the potential to foster electricity and lighting access in the Andean region, thanks to carbon mechanism] - Microsol and Rexel Foundation, study led from June 2013 to May 2014. The study provides an overview of access to electricity and lighting in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Chile.
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 = References =
 <references />
 [[Peru Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]

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−	~~[[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]]~~