Operation of a Biogas Plant - Revision history

Ranisha: /* Monitoring the Biological Process (Parameters) */

2015-04-08T11:30:55Z

Monitoring the Biological Process (Parameters)

Wiki Gardener: Wiki Gardener moved page Operation of a Biogas plant to Operation of a Biogas Plant without leaving a redirect

2015-02-11T12:24:20Z

Wiki Gardener moved page Operation of a Biogas plant to Operation of a Biogas Plant without leaving a redirect

Wiki Gardener at 12:22, 11 February 2015

2015-02-11T12:22:53Z

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Katharina Wiedemann at 16:56, 15 August 2014

2014-08-15T16:56:31Z

Katharina Wiedemann at 14:18, 15 August 2014

2014-08-15T14:18:52Z

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Fungai Cecilia Sandamu at 08:35, 15 May 2014

2014-05-15T08:35:08Z

Ranisha at 14:07, 20 March 2014

2014-03-20T14:07:12Z

Ranisha at 14:06, 20 March 2014

2014-03-20T14:06:22Z

Frank Helbig: /* Biogas Box */

2014-01-26T18:15:51Z

Biogas Box

Frank Helbig: /* Biogasbox */

2014-01-26T18:15:02Z

Biogasbox

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 <br/>
 = Monitoring the Biological Process (Parameters) =
-► [http://www.iea-biogas.net/files/daten-redaktion/download/Technical Brochures/Technical Brochure process_montoring.pdf EA Bioenergy - Process monitoring in biogas plants]<br/>
+► [http://bit.ly/1H44goj IEA Bioenergy - Process monitoring in biogas plants]<br/>
 <br/>
 = Plant Automation =
 ►<br/>

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 === Organic Loading Rate (OLR) ===
-The aim is to obtain optimum degradation performance at acceptable economic cost (rentention time, sizing of the digester).<br/>In this regard the '''organic loading rate (OLR)''' is a crucial operating parameter. It indicates how many kilograms of volatile solids (VS, or organic dry matter) can be fed into the digester per m<sup>3</sup> of working volume per unit of time. The organic loading rate<br/>is expressed as kg VS/(m3 · d). The organic loading rate can be specified for each stage (gas-tight, insulated and heated vessel), for the system as a whole (total working volumes of all stages) and with or without the inclusion of material recirculation. Changing the reference variables can lead to sometimes widely differing results for the organic loading rate of a plant.<br/>
+The aim is to obtain optimum degradation performance at acceptable economic cost (rentention time, sizing of the digester).<br/>In this regard the '''organic loading rate (OLR)''' is a crucial operating parameter. It indicates how many kilograms of volatile solids (VS, or organic dry matter) can be fed into the digester per m<sup>3</sup> of working volume per unit of time. The organic loading rate is expressed as kg VS/(m3 · d). The organic loading rate can be specified for each stage (gas-tight, insulated and heated vessel), for the system as a whole (total working volumes of all stages) and with or without the inclusion of material recirculation. Changing the reference variables can lead to sometimes widely differing results for the organic loading rate of a plant.<br/>
 <u>⇒ Organic loading rate (OLR)</u>
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 <br/>
-=== Retention Time ===
+=== Hydraulig Retention Time (HRT) ===
 <u>⇒Hydraulic Retention Time</u>
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 <br/>
-= Parameters for Monitoring the Biological Process =
+= Monitoring the Biological Process (Parameters) =
-= [[Disturbance management of biogas plants|Disturbance Management of Biogas Plants]] =
+= Disturbance Management of Biogas Plants =
 <u>The Problem of Scum</u>
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 == Occupational Safety and Plant Safety ==
-Biogas is a gas mixture consisting of methane (50-75 vol. %), carbon dioxide (20-50 vol. %), hydrogen sulphide (0.01-0.4 vol. %) and other trace gases. In certain concentrations, biogas in combination with atmospheric oxygen can form an explosive atmosphere, which is why special plant safety regulations have to be observed in the construction and operation of a biogas plant. There are also other hazards, such as the risk of asphyxiation or poisoning, as well as mechanical dangers (e.g. risk of crushing by<br/>drives). The employer or biogas plant operator is obliged to identify and evaluate the hazards associated with the biogas plant, and if necessary to take appropriate measures. The 'Sicherheitsregeln für Biogasanlagen' (Safety Rules for Biogas Systems) issued by the Bundesverband der landwirtschaftlichen Berufsgenossenschaften (German Agricultural Occupational Health and Safety Agency) provide a concise summary of the key aspects of safety relevant to biogas plants. The safety rules explain and substantiate the safety requirements in terms of the operating procedures relevant to § 1 of the accident prevention regulations<br/>'Arbeitsstätten, bauliche Anlagen und Einrichtungen' (Workplaces, Buildings and Facilities) (VSG 2.1). issued by the Agricultural Occupational Health and Safety Agency. They also draw attention to other applicable codes of practice.<br/>This section is intended to provide an overview of the potential hazards during operation of a biogas plant and raise awareness of them accordingly. The latest versions of the respective regulations constitute the basis for the hazard assessments and the associated safety-related aspects of plant operation.
+Biogas is a gas mixture consisting of methane (50-75 vol. %), carbon dioxide (20-50 vol. %), hydrogen sulphide (0.01-0.4 vol. %) and other trace gases. In certain concentrations, biogas in combination with atmospheric oxygen can form an explosive atmosphere, which is why special plant safety regulations have to be observed in the construction and operation of a biogas plant. There are also other hazards, such as the risk of asphyxiation or poisoning, as well as mechanical dangers (e.g. risk of crushing by drives). The employer or biogas plant operator is obliged to identify and evaluate the hazards associated with the biogas plant, and if necessary to take appropriate measures. The 'Sicherheitsregeln für Biogasanlagen' (Safety Rules for Biogas Systems) issued by the Bundesverband der landwirtschaftlichen Berufsgenossenschaften (German Agricultural Occupational Health and Safety Agency) provide a concise summary of the key aspects of safety relevant to biogas plants. The safety rules explain and substantiate the safety requirements in terms of the operating procedures relevant to § 1 of the accident prevention regulations 'Arbeitsstätten, bauliche Anlagen und Einrichtungen' (Workplaces, Buildings and Facilities) (VSG 2.1). issued by the Agricultural Occupational Health and Safety Agency. They also draw attention to other applicable codes of practice.<br/>This section is intended to provide an overview of the potential hazards during operation of a biogas plant and raise awareness of them accordingly. The latest versions of the respective regulations constitute the basis for the hazard assessments and the associated safety-related aspects of plant operation.
 <br/>
-'''Fire and explosion hazard'''
+'''Fire and explosion hazard:'''
 As mentioned in the previous section, under certain conditions biogas in combination with air can form an explosive gas mixture. It should be borne in mind that although there is no risk of explosion above these limits it is still possible for fires to be started by naked flames, sparks from switching electrical equipment or lightning strikes. During the operation of biogas plants, therefore, it must be expected that potentially explosive gas-air mixtures are liable to form and that there is an increased risk of fire, especially in the immediate vicinity of digesters and gas tanks. Depending on the probability of the presence of an explosive atmosphere, according to BGR 104 – Explosion Protection Rules the various parts of the plant are divided into categories of hazardous areas ('Ex zones'), within which the relevant signs must be prominently displayed and appropriate precautionary and safety measures taken.
 Zone 0 In areas classified as zone 0, an explosive atmosphere is present constantly, over long periods, or most of the time. Normally, however, no such zones are found in biogas plants. Not even a fermentation tank/digester is classified in this category.<br/>Zone 1 Zone 1 describes areas in which an explosive atmosphere can occasionally form during normal operation. These are areas in the immediate vicinity of manholes accessing the gas storage tank or on the gas-retaining side of the fermentation tank, and in the vicinity of blow-off systems, pressure relief valves or gas flares. The safety precautions for zone 1 must be put in place within a radius of 1 m (with natural ventilation) around these areas. This means that only resources and explosion-protected equipment with zone 0 and zone 1 ratings may be used in this area. As a general rule, the operations-related release of biogas in enclosed spaces should be avoided. If it is possible that gas will be released, however, zone 1 is extended to include the entire space .
 Zone 2 In these areas it is not expected that explosive gas-air mixtures will occur under normal circumstances. If this does in fact happen, it can be assumed that it will do so only rarely and not for a lengthy period of time (for example during servicing or in the event of a fault).<br/>This applies to manholes, for example, and the interior of the digester, and in the case of gas storage tanks the immediate vicinity of aeration and ventilation openings. The measures applicable to zone 2 must be implemented in these areas in a radius of 1 to 3 m. In the areas subject to explosion hazard (zones 0-2), steps must be taken to avoid ignition sources in accordance with BGR 104, section E2. Examples of ignition sources include hot surfaces (turbochargers), naked flames or sparks generated by mechanical or electrical means. In addition, such areas must be identified by appropriate warning signs and notices.
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 #<span id="1344344783897S">Maintain constant feed rate and composition</span>
 #<span id="1344344783897S">Avoid overfeeding and abrupt changes</span>
-#<span id="1344344783897S">Avoid foaming, don´t: add a substrate with a low pH value, add substrate with a considerably high protein content, </span><span style="display: none" id="1344344783897S">overfeed the digester, mix improper and/or inconsistent</span>
+#<span id="1344344783897S">Avoid foaming, don´t: add a substrate with a low pH value, add substrate with a considerably high protein content, </span><span id="1344344783897S" style="display: none">overfeed the digester, mix improper and/or inconsistent</span>
 #<span id="1344344783897S">Mix as much as necessary and as little as possible: Keep in mind: all in = all out</span>
 #<span id="1344344783897S">Maintain continuous mixing</span>
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 #<span id="1344344783897S">Keep the temperature constant</span>
+<br/>
 = Further Information =
@@ Line 104: / Line 116: @@
 *[[Portal:Biogas|Biogas Portal on energypedia]]
+<br/>
 = References =

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	[[Biogas\|►]][[Biogas\|Back to Biogas Portal]]		[[Biogas\|►]][[Biogas\|Back to Biogas Portal]]

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		+	[[Category:Biogas]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:07, 20 March 2014
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		+	[[Biogas\|►]][[Biogas\|Back to Biogas Portal]]

	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

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 <br/>
 = Operating Parameters =
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 <br/>
-=== Organic loading rate ===
+=== Organic loading Rate ===
 The aim is to obtain optimum degradation performance at acceptable economic cost (rentention time, sizing of the digester).<br/>In this regard the organic loading rate (OLR) is a crucial operating parameter. It indicates how many kilograms of volatile solids (VS, or organic dry matter) can be fed into the digester per m<sup>3</sup> of working volume per unit of time. The organic loading rate<br/>is expressed as kg VS/(m3 · d). The organic loading rate can be specified for each stage (gas-tight, insulated and heated vessel), for the system as a whole (total working volumes of all stages) and with or without the inclusion of material recirculation. Changing the reference variables can lead to sometimes widely differing results for the organic loading rate of a plant.<br/>
@@ Line 28: / Line 29: @@
 === Retention Time ===
 Another relevant parameter for deciding on the size of vessel is the hydraulic retention time (HRT). This is the length of time for which a substrate is calculated to remain on average in the digester until it is discharged. Calculation involves determining the ratio of the reactor volume (VR) to the volume of substrate added daily. The hydraulic retention time is expressed in days.
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 <br/>
 = [[Parameters for monitoring the biological process|Parameters for monitoring the biological process]] =
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 = [[Disturbance management of biogas plants|Disturbance management of biogas plants]] =
 <u>The Problem of Scum</u>
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 <br/>
-= Operational reliability =
+= Operational Reliability =
-== Occupational safety and plant safety ==
+== Occupational Safety and Plant Safety ==
 Biogas is a gas mixture consisting of methane (50-75 vol. %), carbon dioxide (20-50 vol. %), hydrogen sulphide (0.01-0.4 vol. %) and other trace gases. In certain concentrations, biogas in combination with atmospheric oxygen can form an explosive atmosphere, which is why special plant safety regulations have to be observed in the construction and operation of a biogas plant. There are also other hazards, such as the risk of asphyxiation or poisoning, as well as mechanical dangers (e.g. risk of crushing by<br/>drives). The employer or biogas plant operator is obliged to identify and evaluate the hazards associated with the biogas plant, and if necessary to take appropriate measures. The 'Sicherheitsregeln für Biogasanlagen' (Safety Rules for Biogas Systems) issued by the Bundesverband der landwirtschaftlichen Berufsgenossenschaften (German Agricultural Occupational Health and Safety Agency) provide a concise summary of the key aspects of safety relevant to biogas plants. The safety rules explain and substantiate the safety requirements in terms of the operating procedures relevant to § 1 of the accident prevention regulations<br/>'Arbeitsstätten, bauliche Anlagen und Einrichtungen' (Workplaces, Buildings and Facilities) (VSG 2.1). issued by the Agricultural Occupational Health and Safety Agency. They also draw attention to other applicable codes of practice.<br/>This section is intended to provide an overview of the potential hazards during operation of a biogas plant and raise awareness of them accordingly. The latest versions of the respective regulations constitute the basis for the hazard assessments and the associated safety-related aspects of plant operation.
@@ Line 84: / Line 80: @@
 <br/>
-'''Other potential accident risks'''<br/>In addition to the sources of danger described above there are also other potential accident sources, such as the risk of falling from ladders or falling into charging holes (solids metering equipment, feed funnels, maintenance shafts etc.). In these cases it must be ensured that falling into such openings is prevented by covers (hatches, grids etc.) or by installing them at a sufficient<br/>height (> 1.8 m) [5-6]. Moving plant parts (agitator shafts, worms etc.) are also potential danger points, which must be clearly identified by appropriatesignage. Fatal electric shocks can occur in and around combined heat and power units as a result of incorrect operation or faults, because the units generate electrical power at voltages of several hundred volts and<br/>with currents measured in hundreds of amperes. The same danger also applies to agitators, pumps, feed equipment etc. because these also operate with high levels of electrical power. The heating and cooling systems of a biogas plant (radiator, digester heater, heat exchanger etc.) also present a risk of scalding in the event of malfunctions. This also applies to parts of the CHP unit and any<br/>emergency systems that may be installed (e.g. gas flares).
+'''Other potential accident risks'''<br/>In addition to the sources of danger described above there are also other potential accident sources, such as the risk of falling from ladders or falling into charging holes (solids metering equipment, feed funnels, maintenance shafts etc.). In these cases it must be ensured that falling into such openings is prevented by covers (hatches, grids etc.) or by installing them at a sufficient<br/>height (> 1.8 m) [5-6]. Moving plant parts (agitator shafts, worms etc.) are also potential danger points, which must be clearly identified by appropriatesignage. Fatal electric shocks can occur in and around combined heat and power units as a result of incorrect operation or faults, because the units generate electrical power at voltages of several hundred volts and with currents measured in hundreds of amperes. The same danger also applies to agitators, pumps, feed equipment etc. because these also operate with high levels of electrical power. The heating and cooling systems of a biogas plant (radiator, digester heater, heat exchanger etc.) also present a risk of scalding in the event of malfunctions. This also applies to parts of the CHP unit and any<br/>emergency systems that may be installed (e.g. gas flares).
 In order to prevent accidents of this type, clearly visible warning signs must be displayed at the appropriate parts of the plant and the operating personnel must be instructed accordingly.
 <br/>
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 <br/>
 = Biogas Box =
-[https://www.dropbox.com/sh/q0zvpvr4t1y7uxt/BzOHUFE33S/01_Functional%20and%20operative%20information/03_Operation%20of%20a%20Biogas%20plant Collection of literature on Operation of Biogas Systems]
+[https://www.dropbox.com/sh/q0zvpvr4t1y7uxt/BzOHUFE33S/01_Functional and operative information/03_Operation of a Biogas plant Collection of literature on Operation of Biogas Systems]
 = Web =

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