Hydropower - Equipment - Revision history

Johanna: /* Tubine / Generator */

2017-03-31T09:42:15Z

Tubine / Generator

Wiki Gardener at 12:42, 6 October 2014

2014-10-06T12:42:14Z

Show changes

Wiki Gardener at 12:20, 6 October 2014

2014-10-06T12:20:05Z

Wiki Gardener at 16:12, 7 August 2014

2014-08-07T16:12:03Z

Wiki Gardener: /* Turbines in Energising Development (EnDev) Projects */

2014-08-07T16:10:26Z

Turbines in Energising Development (EnDev) Projects

Ranisha: /* Further Information */

2014-07-30T15:36:51Z

Further Information

Hector Alfaro at 15:21, 26 March 2014

2014-03-26T15:21:13Z

Hector Alfaro at 15:14, 26 March 2014

2014-03-26T15:14:32Z

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu at 13:13, 11 November 2013

2013-11-11T13:13:57Z

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Fungai Cecilia Sandamu: Fungai Cecilia Sandamu moved page Hydro Power - Power Equipment (Turbines, Generators, …) to Hydropower - Equipment without leaving a redirect

2013-11-11T13:10:38Z

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu moved page Hydro Power - Power Equipment (Turbines, Generators, …) to Hydropower - Equipment without leaving a redirect

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
-= Tubine / Generator<br/> =
 The turbine will extract energy from the flowing water, and turn it into mechanical energy that turns the generator to create electrical energy. System efficiencies range between 65% and 80% depending upon the turbine style and design.<ref name="MODELLING OF MICRO HYDROELECTRIC SYSTEM DESIGN, NOOR AZLIZA BT IBRAHIM, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, JULY 2012: http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/2900/1/NOOR_AZLIZA_BT_IBRAHIM_1.pdf">MODELLING OF MICRO HYDROELECTRIC SYSTEM DESIGN, NOOR AZLIZA BT IBRAHIM, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, JULY 2012: http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/2900/1/NOOR_AZLIZA_BT_IBRAHIM_1.pdf</ref><br/>
@@ Line 25: / Line 26: @@
 "Turgo" turbines were the invention of the British company [http://www.gilkes.com/ Gilkes of Kendal], and it is an axial flow impulse turbine (like half a pelton wheel). Very adaptable to a range of heads and flows, and it can accept a larger flow volume for a given wheel size than a pelton (the specific speed is higher). So, a good machine to use. "I don't know if there are any intellectual property issues - the Chinese copied (reverse engineered) the turbine in the 1960s. I expect the patent has expired. So it is still necessary to check on the reliability of the individual supplier in China, but it could be a good choice." ''(Ray Holland)''<br/><br/>As Ray replied the Turgo concept is technically sound and proofen. What I understood so far about Chinese manufacturers in general is that even from those who can produce good quality you typically get their good quality only if you are experienced enough to specify exactly what you want and at which level of quality you want it. Best is then to go there (at the right stage of the manufacturing process) and let assess by a technical expert the quality of manufacturing the specified turbine. Whether the Chinese offer is then still a financially competitive one of course depends on how much you need to spend for the expert to go there.
-<br/>
+== Turbine development of Ingenieure ohne Grenzen e.V. ==
 = <span>Microhydro-Electric</span> System Types<br/> =

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 = Tubine / Generator<br/> =
-<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt">The turbine will extract energy from the flowing</span> water, and turn it into mechanical energy that turns the generator to create electrical energy. System efficiencies range between 65% and 80% depending upon the turbine style and design.
+The turbine will extract energy from the flowing water, and turn it into mechanical energy that turns the generator to create electrical energy. System efficiencies range between 65% and 80% depending upon the turbine style and design.<ref name="MODELLING OF MICRO HYDROELECTRIC SYSTEM DESIGN, NOOR AZLIZA BT IBRAHIM, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, JULY 2012: http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/2900/1/NOOR_AZLIZA_BT_IBRAHIM_1.pdf">MODELLING OF MICRO HYDROELECTRIC SYSTEM DESIGN, NOOR AZLIZA BT IBRAHIM, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, JULY 2012: http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/2900/1/NOOR_AZLIZA_BT_IBRAHIM_1.pdf</ref>
 <br/>
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 == Turbines in Energising Development (EnDev) Projects<br/> ==
 *[[Turbines in Private Sector Participation (PSP) Hydro Rwanda|Turbines in PSP Hydro Rwanda]]
@@ Line 18: / Line 19: @@
 == Turbine Turgo from China<br/> ==
-"Turgo" turbines were the invention of the British company Gilkes of Kendal, and it is an axial flow impulse turbine (like half a pelton wheel). Very adaptable to a range of heads and flows, and it can accept a larger flow volume for a given wheel size than a pelton (the specific speed is higher). So, a good machine to use. I don't know if there are any intellectual property issues - the Chinese copied (reverse engineered) the turbine in the 1960s. I expect the patent has expired. So it is still necessary to check on the reliability of the individual supplier in China, but it could be a good choice. ''(Ray Holland)''<br/><br/>As Ray replied the Turgo concept is technically sound and proofen. What I understood so far about Chinese manufacturers in general is that even from those who can produce good quality you typically get their good quality only if you are experienced enough to specify exactly what you want and at which level of quality you want it. Best is then to go there (at the right stage of the manufacturing process) and let assess by a technical expert the quality of manufacturing the specified turbine. Whether the Chinese offer is then still a financially competitive one of course depends on how much you need to spend for the expert to go there.
+"Turgo" turbines were the invention of the British company [http://www.gilkes.com/ Gilkes of Kendal], and it is an axial flow impulse turbine (like half a pelton wheel). Very adaptable to a range of heads and flows, and it can accept a larger flow volume for a given wheel size than a pelton (the specific speed is higher). So, a good machine to use. "I don't know if there are any intellectual property issues - the Chinese copied (reverse engineered) the turbine in the 1960s. I expect the patent has expired. So it is still necessary to check on the reliability of the individual supplier in China, but it could be a good choice." ''(Ray Holland)''<br/><br/>As Ray replied the Turgo concept is technically sound and proofen. What I understood so far about Chinese manufacturers in general is that even from those who can produce good quality you typically get their good quality only if you are experienced enough to specify exactly what you want and at which level of quality you want it. Best is then to go there (at the right stage of the manufacturing process) and let assess by a technical expert the quality of manufacturing the specified turbine. Whether the Chinese offer is then still a financially competitive one of course depends on how much you need to spend for the expert to go there.
 <br/>
@@ Line 30: / Line 31: @@
 <span>The following illustration includes the primary components of any off-grid battery-based microhydro-electric system.</span><br/>
+<br/>
 == Off-Grid Batteryless Micro- Hydro Electric Systems<br/> ==
-<span>If the stream has enough potential, one may decide to go with an AC-direct system. This consists of a turbine generator that produces AC output at 120 or 240 volts, which can be sent directly to standard household loads. The system is controlled by diverting energy in excess of load requirements to dump loads, such as water- or air-heating elements. This technique keeps the total load on the generator constant. A limitation of these systems is that the peak or surge loads cannot exceed the output of the generator, which is determined by the stream´s available head and flow. This type of system needs to be large to meet peak electrical loads, so it can often generate enough energy for all household needs, including water and space heating.</span>
+<span>If the stream has enough potential, one may decide to go with an AC-direct system. This consists of a turbine generator that produces AC output at 120 or 240 volts, which can be sent directly to standard household loads. The system is controlled by diverting energy in excess of load requirements to dump loads, such as water- or air-heating elements. This technique keeps the total load on the generator constant. A limitation of these systems is that the peak or surge loads cannot exceed the output of the generator, which is determined by the stream´s available head and flow. This type of system needs to be large to meet peak electrical loads, so it can often generate enough energy for all household needs, including water and space heating.<ref name="Micro-hydro Electricity Basics, Paul Cunningham & Ian Woofenden: http://hstrial-mpierce7.homestead.com/Micro-Hydro-Electricity-Basics.pdf">Micro-hydro Electricity Basics, Paul Cunningham & Ian Woofenden: http://hstrial-mpierce7.homestead.com/Micro-Hydro-Electricity-Basics.pdf</ref></span>
 <br/>
@@ Line 234: / Line 233: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Hydro]]

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 <br/>
 == Turbines in Energising Development (EnDev) Projects<br/> ==
-*[[Turbines_in_Private_Sector_Participation_(PSP)_Hydro_Rwanda|Turbines in PSP Hydro Rwanda]]
+*[[Turbines in Private Sector Participation (PSP) Hydro Rwanda|Turbines in PSP Hydro Rwanda]]
 <br/>
 == Turbine Turgo from China<br/> ==
-"Turgo" turbines were the invention of the British company Gilkes of Kendal, and it is an axial flow impulse turbine (like half a pelton wheel). Very adaptable to a range of heads and flows, and it can accept a larger flow volume for a given wheel size than a pelton (the specific speed is higher). So, a good machine to use. I don't know if there are any intellectual property issues - the Chinese copied (reverse engineered) the turbine in the 1960s. I expect the patent has expired. So it is still necessary to check on the reliability of the individual supplier in China, but it could be a good choice. ''(Ray Holland)''<br/><br/>As Ray replied the Turgo concept is technically sound and proofen. What I understood so far about Chinese manufacturers in general is that even from those who can produce good quality you typically get their good quality only if you are experienced enough to specify exactly what you want and at which level of quality you want it. Best is then to go there (at the right stage of the manufacturing process) and let assess by a technical expert the quality of manufacturing the specified turbine. Whether the Chinese offer is then still a financially competitive one of course depends on how much you need to spend for the expert to go there.... ''(Roman Ritter)''
+"Turgo" turbines were the invention of the British company Gilkes of Kendal, and it is an axial flow impulse turbine (like half a pelton wheel). Very adaptable to a range of heads and flows, and it can accept a larger flow volume for a given wheel size than a pelton (the specific speed is higher). So, a good machine to use. I don't know if there are any intellectual property issues - the Chinese copied (reverse engineered) the turbine in the 1960s. I expect the patent has expired. So it is still necessary to check on the reliability of the individual supplier in China, but it could be a good choice. ''(Ray Holland)''<br/><br/>As Ray replied the Turgo concept is technically sound and proofen. What I understood so far about Chinese manufacturers in general is that even from those who can produce good quality you typically get their good quality only if you are experienced enough to specify exactly what you want and at which level of quality you want it. Best is then to go there (at the right stage of the manufacturing process) and let assess by a technical expert the quality of manufacturing the specified turbine. Whether the Chinese offer is then still a financially competitive one of course depends on how much you need to spend for the expert to go there.
 <br/>
@@ Line 30: / Line 28: @@
 <span>Most small off-grid hydro systems are battery-based. Battery systems have great flexibility and can be combined with other energy sources, such as wind generators and solar-electric arrays, if the stream is seasonal. Because stream flow is usually consistent, battery charging is as well, and it´s often possible to use a relatively small battery bank. Instantaneous demand (watts) will be limited not by the water potential or turbine, but by the size of the inverter.</span>
-<span>The following illustration includes the primary components of any off-grid battery-based microhydro-electric system..</span><br/>
+<span>The following illustration includes the primary components of any off-grid battery-based microhydro-electric system.</span><br/>
 == Off-Grid Batteryless Micro- Hydro Electric Systems<br/> ==
@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 <br/>
-== AKA: Battery / Inverter disconnect<br/> ==
+== AKA: Battery / Inverter Disconnect<br/> ==
 <span>In battery-based systems, a disconnect between the batteries and inverter is required. This disconnect is typically a large, DC-rated breaker mounted in a sheet-metal enclosure. It allows the inverter to be disconnected from the batteries for service, and protects the inverter-to-battery wiring against electrical faults.</span>
@@ Line 138: / Line 138: @@
 <br/>
-{| border="1" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%"
+{| cellpadding="0" border="1" style="width: 100%"
 |-
-| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top" | <br/>
+| style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="2" | <br/>
 '''<span>Turbine</span>'''
 '''Runner'''
-| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;  vertical-align: top" |
+| style="text-align: center;  vertical-align: top" colspan="3" |
 '''<span>Head</span>'''
@@ Line 221: / Line 221: @@
 <br/>
 = Further Information =
 *[[Control Equipment - Hydropower|Control Equipment - Hydropower]]
-*[[Electrical-Mechanical_Equipment|Components of a Hydropower Plant]]<br/>
+*[[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment|Components of a Hydropower Plant]]<br/>
 *[[Portal:Hydro|Portal:Hydro]]<br/>
 <br/>
 = References<br/> =
@@ Line 237: / Line 235: @@
 [[Category:Hydro]]

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 <br/>
 == Turbines in Energising Development (EnDev) Projects<br/> ==
-*[[Turbines in PSP Hydro Rwanda|Turbines in PSP Hydro Rwanda]]
+*[[Turbines_in_Private_Sector_Participation_(PSP)_Hydro_Rwanda|Turbines in PSP Hydro Rwanda]]
 <br/>
 == Turbine Turgo from China<br/> ==

@@ Line 219: / Line 219: @@
 <br/>
 = Further Information =
 *[[Control Equipment - Hydropower|Control Equipment - Hydropower]]
 <br/>
 = References<br/> =

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 = Tubine / Generator<br/> =
-<span style="font-size: 10pt" lang="EN-US">The turbine will extract energy from the flowing</span> water, and turn it into mechanical energy that turns the generator to create electrical energy. System efficiencies range between 65% and 80% depending upon the turbine style and design.
+<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt">The turbine will extract energy from the flowing</span> water, and turn it into mechanical energy that turns the generator to create electrical energy. System efficiencies range between 65% and 80% depending upon the turbine style and design.
 <br/>
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 <span>Most small off-grid hydro systems are battery-based. Battery systems have great flexibility and can be combined with other energy sources, such as wind generators and solar-electric arrays, if the stream is seasonal. Because stream flow is usually consistent, battery charging is as well, and it´s often possible to use a relatively small battery bank. Instantaneous demand (watts) will be limited not by the water potential or turbine, but by the size of the inverter.</span>
 <span>The following illustration includes the primary components of any off-grid battery-based microhydro-electric system..</span><br/>
 == Off-Grid Batteryless Micro- Hydro Electric Systems<br/> ==
@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 <span>A dump load is an electrical resistance heater that must be sized to handle the full generating capacity of the microhydro turbine. Dump loads can be air or water heaters, and are activated by the charge controller whenever the batteries or the grid cannot accept the energy being produced, to prevent damage to the system. Excess energy is "shunted" to the dump load when necessary.</span>
+<br/>
 == <span>Battery</span>Bank<br/> ==
@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 <span>A microhydro system is typically the most gentle of the RE systems on the batteries, since they do not often remain in a discharged state. The bank can also be smaller than for a wind or PV system. One or two days of storage is usually sufficient. Deep-cycle lead-acid batteries are typically used in these systems. They are cost effective and do not usually account for a large percentage of the system cost.</span>
+<br/>
 == Metering<br/> ==
@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 <span>In battery-based systems, a disconnect between the batteries and inverter is required. This disconnect is typically a large, DC-rated breaker mounted in a sheet-metal enclosure. It allows the inverter to be disconnected from the batteries for service, and protects the inverter-to-battery wiring against electrical faults.</span>
+<br/>
 == Inverter<br/> ==
@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 <span>AKA: DC-to-AC converter</span>
-<!--[if gte vml 1]>
+<br/><!--[if gte vml 1]>
@@ Line 122: / Line 122: @@
 <span>Just like the electrical circuits in your home or office, a grid-tied inverter´s electrical output needs to be routed through an AC circuit breaker. This breaker is usually mounted inside the building´s mains panel. It enables the inverter to be disconnected from either the grid or from electrical loads if servicing is necessary. The breaker also safeguards the circuit´s electrical wiring.</span>
+<br/>
 <span>AKA: KWH meter, utility meter</span>
@@ Line 128: / Line 128: @@
 <span>Most homes with grid-tied microhydro-electric systems will have AC electricity both coming from and going to the utility grid. A multichannel KWH meter keeps track of how much grid electricity you´re using and how much your RE system is producing. The utility company often provides intertie-capable meters at no cost.</span>
+<br/>
 == Turbines Types<br/> ==
@@ Line 136: / Line 136: @@
 <br/>
-{| style="width: 100%" border="1" cellpadding="0"
+{| border="1" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%"
 |-
-| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;" | <br/>
+| style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="2" | <br/>
 '''<span>Turbine</span>'''
 '''Runner'''
-| colspan="3" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
+| style="text-align: center;  vertical-align: top" colspan="3" |
 '''<span>Head</span>'''
@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
 |-
-| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
+| style="text-align: center;  vertical-align: top" |
 '''High'''
-| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
+| style="text-align: center;  vertical-align: top" |
 '''Medium'''
-| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
+| style="text-align: center;  vertical-align: top" |
 '''Low'''
 |-
-| style="vertical-align: top;" |
+| style="vertical-align: top" |
 Impulse
-| style="vertical-align: top;" |
+| style="vertical-align: top" |
 <span>Pelton</span>
@@ Line 169: / Line 169: @@
 Multi-jet Pelton
-| style="vertical-align: top;" |
+| style="vertical-align: top" |
 <span>Crossflow</span>
@@ Line 176: / Line 176: @@
 Multi-jet Pelton
-| style="vertical-align: top;" |
+| style="vertical-align: top" |
 Crossflow
 |-
-| style="vertical-align: top;" |
+| style="vertical-align: top" |
 Reaction
-| style="vertical-align: top;" |
+| style="vertical-align: top" |
 <span>Francis</span>
 Pump-as-turbine (PAT)
-| style="vertical-align: top;" |
+| style="vertical-align: top" |
 <span>Propeller</span>
 Kaplan
-| style="vertical-align: top;" |
+| style="vertical-align: top" |
+<br/>
 |}
+<br/>
 <span>The difference between impulse and reaction can be explained simply by stating that the ''impulse'' turbines convert the kinetic energy of a jet of water in air into movement by striking turbine buckets or blades - there is no pressure reduction as the water pressure is atmospheric on both sides of the impeller. The blades of a ''reaction'' turbine, on the other hand, are totally immersed in the flow of water, and the angular as well as linear momentum of the water is converted into shaft power - the pressure of water leaving the runner is reduced to atmospheric or lower.</span>
@@ Line 222: / Line 222: @@
 = Further Information =
-*<br/>
+*[[Control_Equipment_-_Hydropower|Control Equipment - Hydropower]]
 <br/>