Hydro Power Basics - Revision history

Lisafeldmann at 08:05, 22 March 2022

2022-03-22T08:05:44Z

Robert at 09:33, 16 March 2022

2022-03-16T09:33:31Z

Robert at 12:37, 20 April 2021

2021-04-20T12:37:30Z

Show changes

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 12:13, 21 September 2018

2018-09-21T12:13:33Z

Johanna von Behaim: /* By Facility Type */

2017-03-12T22:56:27Z

By Facility Type

Johanna von Behaim at 22:54, 12 March 2017

2017-03-12T22:54:36Z

Kira Kahmann at 16:13, 1 December 2015

2015-12-01T16:13:51Z

Show changes

Tim: /* By Facility Type */

2015-11-10T19:30:37Z

By Facility Type

Tim: /* By Facility Type */

2015-11-10T19:23:58Z

By Facility Type

Tim: /* By Facility Type */

2015-11-10T19:14:42Z

By Facility Type

@@ Line 128: / Line 128: @@
 <br/>
-= Classification of Hydro Power<br/> =
+= Classification of Hydro Power =
 == By Size ==
@@ Line 221: / Line 221: @@
 <br/>
-== By Facility Type<br/> ==
+== By Facility Type ==
 <u>Hydropower plants can be classified in three categories according to operation and type of flow:</u><ref name="http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report - Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1075 pp.">http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report - Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1075 pp.</ref>
@@ Line 432: / Line 432: @@
 = Micro Hydro Power Schemes =
-== <span>Components of a Micro</span> Hydro System (MHS) - Overview<br/> ==
+== <span>Components of a Micro</span> Hydro System (MHS) - Overview ==
-=== Grid connection for MHP's<br/> ===
+=== Grid connection for MHP's ===
 Hydropower usually operates 24 h / day. Most mhp's are connected by a grid to their consumers. If a connection towards the national or main grid is available, electricity can be fed in there. Often micro or pico hydropower units are installed in remote areas. There they feed an isolated grid. In such grid the MHP is usually the only power source. The power produced has to be leveled equal with the power consumed (see controller).
@@ Line 444: / Line 444: @@
 <br/>
-=== Storage Basin or Dams<br/> ===
+=== Storage Basin or Dams ===
 Small hydropower plants usually use (part-) river flow as driving force. Storage basins or even dams can buffer water. So demand peaks or (short) periods of water shortage can be bridged. As such infrastructures is costly and sophisticated, it's only used if there is a clear financial revenue; e.g. electricity supply for remote industries. Standard elements for mhp
@@ Line 484: / Line 484: @@
 <br/>
-== <span>Suitable Conditions for</span> Micro Hydro Power<br/> ==
+== <span>Suitable Conditions for</span> Micro Hydro Power ==
 Again, "'''head and flow'''" matter. The best geographical areas for exploiting small-scale hydro power are those where there are steep rivers flowing all year round. The Andes, the Himalayas, islands with moist marine climates, such as the Caribbean Islands, the Philippines and Indonesia are widely suitable. Laos, Vietnam and wide parts of China use Micro Hydro Power in large numbers.<br/>A locations, head, flow and number of consumers allow to calculate the available power share per consumer<br/>Minimal Head may be 1-2 m. For considerable power then much water (> 1 m3) is required<br/>Minimal Flow may be 20 l/s. Power is according to head output (see [[Hydro Power Basics#Measuring Head .26 Flow|power estimation]]).<br/>Mini Hydropower operates constantly and requires little maintenance. It is ideal for powering remote regions. Although grid connection is very feasible due to its very low operational costs.
@@ Line 492: / Line 492: @@
 <br/>
-==== Brief Site Assessment<br/> ====
+==== Brief Site Assessment ====
 *location Data
@@ Line 510: / Line 510: @@
 <br/>
-== Economics of Micro Hydro Systems<br/> ==
+== Economics of Micro Hydro Systems ==
-=== Productive Use<br/> ===
+=== Productive Use ===
 Electricity is a key factor for productive businesses. Experience shows, this isn't an automatism very commonly. Additional income is generated only if the revenue is made from outside the community. Typically added value is created by subsequent processing of commodities. Exemplary: coffee roasting, fruit drying, freezing fish, ...
@@ Line 522: / Line 522: @@
 <br/>
-=== Cost<br/> ===
+=== Cost ===
 The major cost of a MHP scheme is for its site preparation and equipment. It's nearly 100&nbsp;% upfront investment and very low running cost (operation and maintenance).
@@ Line 534: / Line 534: @@
 <br/>
-=== Tariff Setting<br/> ===
+=== Tariff Setting ===
 Tariff setting is a crucial element. In case the mhp management is community based, tariffs have to be set in acceptance with the community. Ensure sufficient high tariffs! Community discussion may be lengthy, be patient. Never leave the impression that mhp-electricity may be "for free".
@@ Line 546: / Line 546: @@
 <br/>
-=== Revenues<br/> ===
+=== Revenues ===
 <u>Within a community based scheme extra revenue can be used for:</u>
@@ Line 571: / Line 571: @@
 <br/>
-== Some Hints<br/> ==
+== Some Hints ==
 *use run-of-the-river schemes where possible - storing water by dams is usually big(!) effort and expensive
@@ Line 590: / Line 590: @@
 <br/>
 </div>
-= Further Information<br/> =
+= Further Information =
 *[[:File:Hydropower enginneering.pdf|Hydropower Enginering]]<br/>
@@ Line 604: / Line 604: @@
 <br/>
-= References<br/> =
+= References =
 <references />

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 [[Portal:Hydro|► Back to Hydro Portal]]<br/>
-= Overview<br/> =
+= Overview =
 A mass of water moving down a height difference contains energy which can be harvested using some waterwheel or turbine. The moving water drives the waterwheel and this rotation either drives machinery directly (e.g. mill, pump, hammer, thresher, ...) or is coupled with a generator which produces electric power.
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 *'''Head'''; the difference in height<br/>
-These specific conditions limit generalising and standartisation of "how to install hydropower plants". Choosing the right location and planning requires some specific knowledge. With knowledge of water flow and height difference the potential power can be estimated.<br/>
+These specific conditions limit generalising and standartisation of "how to install hydropower plants". Choosing the right location and planning requires some specific knowledge. With knowledge of water flow and height difference the potential power can be estimated. <br />
-<br/>
+== Measuring Head & Flow ==
 <u><span>The first step to judge a sites hydropower potential is to measure/estimate head and flow.</span></u><br/>
@@ Line 49: / Line 47: @@
 <br/>
-== Methods of Head and Flow Measurement without Sophisticated Tools<br/> ==
+== Methods of Head and Flow Measurement without Sophisticated Tools ==
 *'''<u><span style="font-weight: bold">E</span>stimation of height</u>''' can be done easiest if there is a steep slope (waterfall) by rope.
@@ Line 101: / Line 99: @@
 <li>Electrical transmission line length (from turbine to consumer). As smaller the sites power output as higher the power lines cost share</li>
 <li>Number of potential customers</li>
 [[Hydro Power Basics#toc|►Go to Top]]
@@ Line 107: / Line 104: @@
 <br/>
-== Units and Power Estimations<br/> ==
+== Units and Power Estimations ==
 Power: watts [W] or Kilowatts [kW] 1 kW = 1000W<br/>Flow: 1 m³/s = 1000 l/s<br/>Gross heat: height difference the water "falls down"<br/>Net head: a little smaller than gross head. Gross head deducted by energy loss due to friction in penstock

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 <br/>
 = Principle of Hydro Power =
@@ Line 97: / Line 99: @@
 </ul>
 </ul>
 &lt;/ul&gt;
@@ Line 228: / Line 234: @@
 <br/>
 == By Facility Type<br/> ==
@@ Line 272: / Line 273: @@
 *The generating stations are located at the dam toe or further downstream, connected to the reservoir through tunnels or pipelines
 *Type and design of reservoirs are decided by the landscape and in many parts of the world are inundated river valleys where the reservoir is an artificial lake
-*Reservoir hydropower plants can have major environmental and social impacts due to the&nbsp;[[Using_Hydro_Power_Plants_for_Flood_Prevention|flooding of land for the reservoir]]<br/>
+*Reservoir hydropower plants can have major environmental and social impacts due to the&nbsp;[[Using Hydro Power Plants for Flood Prevention|flooding of land for the reservoir]]<br/>
 |}
@@ Line 308: / Line 309: @@
 <br/>
 = Facts on Hydro Power =
@@ Line 613: / Line 613: @@
 *[http://microhydropower.net/ Micro Hydropower]
 *[http://practicalaction.org/hydro-power-answers Practical Action: Hydro Power Answers]
-*[[Using_Hydro_Power_Plants_for_Flood_Prevention|Using Hydro Power Plants for Flood Prevention]]
+*[[Using Hydro Power Plants for Flood Prevention|Using Hydro Power Plants for Flood Prevention]]
 *For more links on MHP, click [[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) - Further Links|here]].
 <br/>

@@ Line 232: / Line 232: @@
 <br/>
 == By Facility Type<br/> ==
@@ Line 271: / Line 272: @@
 *The generating stations are located at the dam toe or further downstream, connected to the reservoir through tunnels or pipelines
 *Type and design of reservoirs are decided by the landscape and in many parts of the world are inundated river valleys where the reservoir is an artificial lake
-*Reservoir hydropower plants can have major environmental and social impacts due to the flooding of land for the reservoir<br/>
+*Reservoir hydropower plants can have major environmental and social impacts due to the&nbsp;[[Using_Hydro_Power_Plants_for_Flood_Prevention|flooding of land for the reservoir]]<br/>
 |}
@@ Line 307: / Line 308: @@
 <br/>
 = Facts on Hydro Power =

@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 </ul>
 </ul>
 &lt;/ul&gt;
@@ Line 609: / Line 611: @@
 *[http://microhydropower.net/ Micro Hydropower]
 *[http://practicalaction.org/hydro-power-answers Practical Action: Hydro Power Answers]
 *For more links on MHP, click [[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) - Further Links|here]].
@@ Line 619: / Line 622: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Hydro]]

@@ Line 224: / Line 224: @@
 <br/>
@@ Line 240: / Line 241: @@
 {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" align="left" style="width: 100%"
 |-
-| style="width: 248px" | [[File:Run-of-River Hydropower Plant.JPG|thumb|left|227x199px|Run-of-River Hydropower Plant]]<br/>
+| style="width: 248px" | [[File:Run-of-River Hydropower Plant.JPG|thumb|left|x199px|Run-of-River Hydropower Plant]]<br/>
 | style="width: 407px" |
 *RoR plant produce energy from the available flow and the natural elevation drop of a river<br/>
@@ Line 273: / Line 274: @@
 {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 100%"
 |-
-| [[File:Pump Storage Project.JPG|thumb|left|226x188px|Pump Storage Project.JPG]]
+| [[File:Pump Storage Project.JPG|thumb|left|x188px|Pump Storage Project.JPG]]
+|
 *Pumped storage plants are not energy sources, instead they are storage devices
@@ Line 287: / Line 288: @@
 |-
 | style="width: 206px" |
-====== [[File:In-stream Hydropower Scheme.PNG|thumb|left|232x134px|n-storgare hydropower scheme]]non typical installation of an in-stream HPP ======
+[[File:In-stream Hydropower Scheme.PNG|thumb|left|x134px|n-storgare hydropower scheme]]non typical installation of an in-stream HPP
 | style="width: 547px" |

@@ Line 224: / Line 224: @@
 <br/>
 == By Facility Type<br/> ==
@@ Line 229: / Line 230: @@
 <u>Hydropower plants can be classified in three categories according to operation and type of flow:</u><ref name="http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report - Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1075 pp.">http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report - Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1075 pp.</ref>
-#'''Run-of-river (RoR),'''<br/>
+#'''Run-of-river (RoR), '''<br/>Small and micro hydropower utilizes water that runs of a river and avoids big environmental impacts.
 #'''Storage (reservoir)'''
-#'''Pumped storage hydro power plants (HPPs)'''<br/>
+#'''Pumped storage hydro power plants (HPPs)''' work as energy buffer and do not produce net energy.
+#'''In-stream Hydropower Schemes '''use a rivers natural elevation drop without to dam a river.
-Pumped storage HPPs work as energy buffer and do not produce net energy.
+<br/>'''<u>'Run-of-River Hydropower' Plant (RoR)</u>'''<ref name="http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report - Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1075 pp.">http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report - Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1075 pp.</ref>
 {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" align="left" style="width: 100%"
@@ Line 249: / Line 241: @@
 | style="width: 223px" | [[File:Run-of-River Hydropower Plant.JPG|thumb|left|209px|Run-of-River Hydropower Plant]]<br/>
 | style="width: 543px" |
-*RoR plant mainly produce energy from the available flow of the river, taking advantage of the natural elevation drop of a river<br/>
+*RoR plant produce energy from the available flow and the natural elevation drop of a river<br/>
-*It is suitable for streams or rivers that have a minimum flow all year round or those that are regulated by a larger dam and reservoir upstream<br/>
+*It is suitable for rivers that have at least a minimum flow all year round.<br/>
-*Water is diverted into a penstock and channeled to the turbine and then returned to the river<br/>
+*The water to powers th turbine is diverted and channeled into a penstock and then returned to the river
-*RoR plants have either no storage or short-term storage, allowing for some adaptations to the demand profile
+*RoR plants usually have no or only small storage, allowing for some adaptations to the demand profile.
-*Such reservoirs are usually smaller than those of reservoir hydro power plants but nevertheless dams can be ten to twenty meters high and can have gates to allow for water storage
+*As bigger the storage capacity is as higher the environmental impacts are
 *Power generation is dictated by local river flow conditions and thus depends on precipitation and runoff and may have substantial daily, monthly or seasonal variations
 |}
@@ Line 261: / Line 252: @@
 <br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>
-<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>
+<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>
 <u>'''Hydropower Plant with Reservoir'''</u><ref name="http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report - Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1075 pp.">http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report - Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1075 pp.</ref>
@@ Line 269: / Line 258: @@
 {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 100%"
 |-
-| [[File:Hydropower Plant with Reservoir.JPG|thumb|left|215px|Hydropower Plant with reservoir]]
+| style="width: 222px" | [[File:Hydropower Plant with Reservoir.JPG|thumb|left|x159px|Hydropower Plant with reservoir]]
+| style="width: 433px" |
 *Hydropower projects with a reservoir (storage hydropower) store water behind a dam for times when river flow is low<br/>
 *<span style="line-height: 1.5em">Therefore power generation is more stable and less variable than for RoR plants</span>
 *The generating stations are located at the dam toe or further downstream, connected to the reservoir through tunnels or pipelines
 *Type and design of reservoirs are decided by the landscape and in many parts of the world are inundated river valleys where the reservoir is an artificial lake
 *Reservoir hydropower plants can have major environmental and social impacts due to the flooding of land for the reservoir<br/>
@@ Line 297: / Line 285: @@
 {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 100%"
 |-
-| style="width: 206px" | [[File:In-stream Hydropower Scheme.PNG|thumb|left|212px|n-storgare hydropower scheme]]
+| style="width: 206px" |
 | style="width: 547px" |
-*To optimize existing facilities like weirs, barrages, canals or falls, small turbines or hydrokinetic turbines can be installed
+*Basically in-stream Hydropower functions like a RoR scheme, but the turbine is mostly built within the dam in the riverbed. Usually the river flow is not diverted.
-*Usually the turbine is mounted on the river bottom, an existing river structure or on a floating structure
+*To optimize existing&nbsp; weirs, barrages, canals or falls, small turbines or hydrokinetic turbines can be installed
-*These low-impact turbines act much like an underwater turbine and use the river current for power generation
+*At rivers close to the sea the technologies may operate bi-directional (tidal)
 |}
-<br/>
+► Text and Figures of this chapter are originally mainly taken from the Chapter 5 of the [http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (2011)].
 [[Hydro Power Basics#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Facts on Hydro Power =