Ethiopia Energy Situation - Revision history

Robert: /* Other Case Studies */

2025-11-03T13:16:31Z

Other Case Studies

Robert at 13:15, 3 November 2025

2025-11-03T13:15:43Z

Hector Alfaro at 09:07, 3 April 2025

2025-04-03T09:07:43Z

Hector Alfaro: /* Policy and Strategy */

2025-04-03T09:02:23Z

Policy and Strategy

Hector Alfaro at 16:11, 19 March 2024

2024-03-19T16:11:55Z

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Hector Alfaro at 15:46, 19 March 2024

2024-03-19T15:46:05Z

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Hector Alfaro at 15:42, 19 March 2024

2024-03-19T15:42:43Z

Hector Alfaro at 15:39, 19 March 2024

2024-03-19T15:39:17Z

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Hector Alfaro at 11:01, 19 March 2024

2024-03-19T11:01:28Z

Hector Alfaro at 11:00, 19 March 2024

2024-03-19T11:00:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:16, 3 November 2025
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	[[Ethiopia Energy Situation#toc\|►Go to Top]]		[[Ethiopia Energy Situation#toc\|►Go to Top]]
−
−	~~=== Other Case Studies ===~~
−	~~<div class="box box-blue" >~~
−	~~==== [[Image:EcoPhi Logo.png\|80px\|right\|link=https://ecophi.io/]] Case Studies from EcoPhi ([[Partner and Sponsor Program\|Featured Content]]) ====~~
−	~~==== Remote Monitoring of Water Treatment Systems in Ethiopia ====~~
−
−	~~<u>Background:</u>~~
−
−	Pathogens that carry diseases such as cholera can spread through contaminated drinking water and pose a threat to health. In many regions worldwide, water is available, but water sources are polluted, so it is very important to use water treatment systems. For this reason, it is important to monitor water quality.
−
−	~~[[File:Remote_Monitoring_in_Ethiopia.png\|alt=\|frameless\|400x400px]]~~
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−	~~<u>Using EcoPhi’s Monitoring System to Ensure Good Water Quality:</u>~~
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−	[https://ecophi.io/ EcoPhi] is monitoring different water treatment systems in [[Ethiopia_Energy_Situation\|Ethiopia]]. EcoPhi takes care of the remote monitoring of the water treatment plants and provides a central dashboard for all systems and detailed information about each system. The data from the water treatment system is transmitted to the EcoPhi Box via a UART interface. EcoPhi sends this data to the cloud platform, where it is displayed graphically and where users can access and analyse it. The Advanced Box sends the data via the mobile data network. In the event of connection failures or poor connection, the EcoPhi Box stores the data locally and sends it as soon as the connection is re-established. Critical alarms can also be sent directly from the device via SMS. This allows the systems to be monitored even in remote regions.
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−	~~<u>How the System Helps the People in Ethiopia:</u>~~
−
−	Through the EcoPhi monitoring system, the partners can check at any time whether the systems are working and whether the dosing unit is functioning properly and the chlorine content is correct. A large number of systems can be monitored through the platform. User-specific displays and specific reports allow the team to focus only on the critical facilities. The service enables insight into the system. When comparing multiple systems, weak points can be identified and corrected. Quick failure analyses can be made, allowing technicians to prepare specifically for them, thereby saving travel time. The specified alarms make it possible to intervene quickly in the event of problems with the systems.
−	~~</div>~~

	=== Other Relevant Actors ===		=== Other Relevant Actors ===

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 }}
 == Introduction ==
 [[File:Figure 1 Share of total energy supply in 2014.PNG|border|right|300px|alt=Figure 1 Share of total energy supply in 2014.PNG]]Ethiopia is one of the least developed countries in the world. Approximately 34% of its over 100 million inhabitants live below poverty line<ref>International Energy Agency, 2016: http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/ETH# (30.6.17)</ref>. It has one of the lowest rates of access to modern energy services, whereby the energy supply is primarily based on biomass. With a share of 92.4% of Ethiopia’s energy supply, waste and biomass are the country’s primary energy sources, followed by oil (5.7%) and hydropower (1.6%)<ref>http://www.iea.org/stats/WebGraphs/ETHIOPIA4.pdf</ref>. At the same time the economy is one of the fastest growing in the world, with an average growth of 10,8% since 2005<ref>AfDB, OECD, UNDP 2016: African Economic Outlook 2016: https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/AEO_2016_Report_Full_English.pdf (30.6.2017)</ref>. Besides it has ambitious plans to achieve a climate resilient development till 2025<ref>Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 2015: http://www4.unfccc.int/Submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Ethiopia/1/INDC-Ethiopia-100615.pdf (30.6.17)</ref>. It was the first developing country which submitted its NDC (Nationally Determined Contribution) at the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) and therefore takes a leading role in climate policy of the most vulnerable countries to climate change.

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 == Policy and Strategy ==
-Hello everyone! Following are some of the major highlights from the policies and strategies of the country.
+Following are some of the major highlights from the policies and strategies of the country.
 === National Electrification Strategy ===

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 == Policy and Strategy ==
-Following are some of the major highlights from the policies and strategies of the country.
+Hello everyone! Following are some of the major highlights from the policies and strategies of the country.
 === National Electrification Strategy ===

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 [[File:Mean Annual Water Surplus in Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|right|316px|Fig. 6: Mean Annual Water Surplus in Ethiopia.jpg]] As mentioned above, the Ethiopian definition of hydropower schemes differ from the ones of other countries. Typically '''pico hydropower (PHP)''' plants have a capacity of up to 3 kW. They are characterized by the absence of a distribution grid and supply to one or two households. Nonetheless the pico hydropower range in Ethiopia is extended up to 10 kW which makes sense considering that widely-used injera cookers with capacities of up to 5 kW need to be supplied. Thus two households with one injera cooker each fully absorb the plant’s capacity, without requiring a distribution network. While defining micro hydropower schemes from a range between 11 – 500 kW, it makes sense to distinguish between a lower range (≤30 kW), supplying individual villages without high voltage (HV) transmission and an upper range (31 – 500 kW) for small towns or several villages which are interconnected by HV lines and a low voltage (LV) distribution grid<ref name="EEA">EEA (2003): Energy Access Project: Baseline Survey, Monitoring and Evaluation Framework and Hydro Market Development Strategy.</ref>. According to EEA, the specific yield of Ethiopian highlands with a moisture surplus of at least 300 mm/a is 500 W/km² (Given that average pressure heads for potential pico and micro hydro power sites are 45 m, using a 60% system efficiency and a specific minimum flow of 2 l/s/km²).
-Since the maximum of '''micro hydropower (MHP)''' schemes is defined with 500 kW, the largest catchment area for MHP development is thus 1000 km². Subtracting the catchments >1000 km² from the total of 315,000 km² with perennial flows and a respective moisture surplus, that leaves a land area of 200,000 km² suitable for MHP development. As mentioned above, Ethiopia has thus a theoretical MHP potential of 100 MW<ref name="EEA">_</ref><ref name="BÖLLI">_</ref>. Most promising sites can be found in the western part of the country, since suitable topographic conditions and constant flows are prevailing (see fig. 6) <ref name="GROSS">Gross, T. et al. (2009): The economic potential of small and micro hydropower projects in Ethiopia: A situation analysis for national and international investors (AMES-E).</ref>. Taken the same data set as a basis for PHP development, a PHP catchment must at least have an area of 15 km². Since a catchment of that size is rarely available to individual farmers, PHP potential is rather limited and allows respective plants only in sparsely populated areas<ref name="BÖLLI">_</ref>. Apart from the large EEPCo hydropower schemes, small scale hydropower potential has hardly been exploited so far. In the period between 1950 and 1970, EEPCo installed several MHP schemes with a total capacity of 1.5 MW. All of them are not operational anymore: once the areas were connected to ICS, the MHP plants were shut down. Nonetheless, some of the plants are still in good condition and it would be technically feasible to rehabilitate them<ref name="BÖLLI">_</ref>. The same holds true for the Yaye MHP. The 170 kW off-grid plant was commissioned in 2002 by the Irish Development Aid and the Sidama Development Program but already suffered from low river flow during the 2002/2003 dry season. After only having operated for two years, EEPCo connected Yaye to its ICS and the MHP plant was shut down completely<ref name="GROSS">_</ref>.
+Since the maximum of '''micro hydropower (MHP)''' schemes is defined with 500 kW, the largest catchment area for MHP development is thus 1000 km². Subtracting the catchments >1000 km² from the total of 315,000 km² with perennial flows and a respective moisture surplus, that leaves a land area of 200,000 km² suitable for MHP development. As mentioned above, Ethiopia has thus a theoretical MHP potential of 100 MW<ref name="EEA"></ref><ref name="BÖLLI"></ref>. Most promising sites can be found in the western part of the country, since suitable topographic conditions and constant flows are prevailing (see fig. 6) <ref name="GROSS">Gross, T. et al. (2009): The economic potential of small and micro hydropower projects in Ethiopia: A situation analysis for national and international investors (AMES-E).</ref>. Taken the same data set as a basis for PHP development, a PHP catchment must at least have an area of 15 km². Since a catchment of that size is rarely available to individual farmers, PHP potential is rather limited and allows respective plants only in sparsely populated areas<ref name="BÖLLI"></ref>. Apart from the large EEPCo hydropower schemes, small scale hydropower potential has hardly been exploited so far. In the period between 1950 and 1970, EEPCo installed several MHP schemes with a total capacity of 1.5 MW. All of them are not operational anymore: once the areas were connected to ICS, the MHP plants were shut down. Nonetheless, some of the plants are still in good condition and it would be technically feasible to rehabilitate them<ref name="BÖLLI"></ref>. The same holds true for the Yaye MHP. The 170 kW off-grid plant was commissioned in 2002 by the Irish Development Aid and the Sidama Development Program but already suffered from low river flow during the 2002/2003 dry season. After only having operated for two years, EEPCo connected Yaye to its ICS and the MHP plant was shut down completely<ref name="GROSS"></ref>.
 The GIZ '''Energising Development (EnDev) Ethiopia''' is planning to rehabilitate the Yaye plant and to feed the generated power into the national grid, once the scheme is operational again. Furthermore, EnDev implemented four pilot MHP sites (cross-flow turbines) in the Sidama Zone/SNNPR with a capacity of 7 kW ([[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) - Ethiopia, Gobecho I|Gobecho I]]), 30 kW ([[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) - Ethiopia, Gobecho II|Gobecho II]]), 33 kW ([[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) - Ethiopia, Ererte|Ererte]]) and 55 kW ([[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) - Ethiopia, Hagara Sodicha|Hagara Sodicha]]) respectively and upgraded a watermill in Jimma Zone/Oromia<span style="line-height: 20.4px;  font-size: 13.6px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;</span>[[Micro Hydro Power in Leku, Ethiopia|(Leku]]<span style="line-height: 20.4px;  font-size: 13.6px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">) into a 20 kW MHP, further a&nbsp;</span>10 kW MHP plant in Kersa. Other than that, several pico hydro schemes as well as 32 cross flow turbines exist, which power flour mills with outputs ranging between 5 and 22 kW. The latter were commissioned by '''Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus (EECMY)'''. Nonetheless 35-40% of those plants are not operational anymore due to a lack of water during dry season and management as well as technical problems<ref name="IED">IED (2006): Off-grid rural electrification master plan study.</ref>. EECMY and REF are planning the installation of further MHP plants such as a 55 kW scheme on the Bege River and a 5.5 kW scheme in Sire<ref name="BÖLLI">_</ref>. In 1994 the Ethiopian NGO Ethiopian Rural Self-Help Association (ERSHA) implemented another hydro powered grain mill near Ambo, which is said to be still operational<ref name="IED">_</ref>. Additionally, the current GTP (2010 – 2015) includes the installation of 65 MHP plants<ref name="ERG11">_</ref>. No further details regarding capacity and location of latter are available at the time<ref name="MEDER">Meder, K. (2011): Application of Environment Assessment and Watershed Action Planning related to GIZ ECO Micro Hydropower Plants in the Sidama zone/Ethiopia (unpublished Diploma thesis).</ref>.

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 === Other Case Studies ===
 <div class="box box-blue" >
-==== [[Image:EcoPhi Logo.png|90px|right|link=https://ecophi.io/]] Case Studies from EcoPhi ([[Partner and Sponsor Program|Featured Content]]) ====
+==== [[Image:EcoPhi Logo.png|80px|right|link=https://ecophi.io/]] Case Studies from EcoPhi ([[Partner and Sponsor Program|Featured Content]]) ====
 ==== Remote Monitoring of Water Treatment Systems in Ethiopia ====