Electricity Generation from Biogas - Revision history

Avinash Kumar: /* The Technology */

2016-04-20T13:42:25Z

The Technology

Avinash Kumar at 13:37, 20 April 2016

2016-04-20T13:37:17Z

Avinash Kumar: /* Energy requirement for heating the slurry */

2016-04-20T13:33:15Z

Energy requirement for heating the slurry

Avinash Kumar: /* Energy requirement for heating the slurry */

2016-04-20T13:17:39Z

Energy requirement for heating the slurry

Avinash Kumar at 15:22, 18 April 2016

2016-04-18T15:22:02Z

Avinash Kumar: /* The Technology */

2016-04-18T14:55:50Z

The Technology

Avinash Kumar: /* The Technology */

2016-04-18T14:53:29Z

The Technology

Lisafeldmann at 10:43, 11 February 2016

2016-02-11T10:43:43Z

Lisafeldmann: /* Internal Combustion Engines */

2016-02-01T12:38:20Z

Internal Combustion Engines

Ranisha at 13:16, 4 December 2015

2015-12-04T13:16:42Z

Show changes

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 = The Technology =
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 <span lang="EN"><font size="3">Each kilogram of biodegradable material yields 0.4 m</font><sup><font size="2">3</font></sup><font size="3">(400 liters) of gas.</font></span>
-<span lang="EN"><font size="3">Gas lights consume around 0.1m</font><sup><font size="2">3</font></sup><font size="3">(100 liters) of gas in one hour.</font></span>
+<span lang="EN"><font size="3">Gas lights consume around 0.1m</font><sup><font size="2">3</font></sup><font size="3">(100 liters) of gas in one hour<ref name="http://www.small-farm-permaculture-and-sustainable-living.com/methane_generator.html ">http://www.small-farm-permaculture-and-sustainable-living.com/methane_generator.html </ref>.</font></span>
 [[#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
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 = Appropriate Combustion Engine =

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 Standard quality sulphur filters and filter material can be purchased on the market.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;
+<br/>
 = &nbsp; Energy requirement for heating the slurry =
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 [[#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 = Examples =
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 [[#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 [[Category:Brazil]]

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 Standard quality sulphur filters and filter material can be purchased on the market.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;
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 Where V is the volume of digester, expressed in m<sup>3</sup> and ρ is the density of slurry, expressed in Kg/m<sup>3</sup> .
-Density of slurry (ρ) = density of water + density of cow dung&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- equation 2
+Density of slurry (ρ) = density of water + density of cow dung&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- equation 3
 Density of water is 1000 Kg/m<sup>3</sup>

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 Standard quality sulphur filters and filter material can be purchased on the market.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;
 = &nbsp; Energy requirement for heating the slurry =
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 Where
-&nbsp;Q<sub>T </sub>is the total heat
+&nbsp;Q<sub>T </sub>is the total heat(Energy required for heating the slurry) and is expressed in Kilo-joule(Kj).
-m is the mass of the slurry
+m is the mass of the slurry and is expressed in Kilo-gram(Kg).
-c is the specific heat of slurry
+c is the specific heat of slurry and is expressed in Kj/Kg°C.
-T<sub>2</sub> is the desired temperature of slurry
+T<sub>2</sub> is the desired temperature of slurry and is expressed in °C.
-T<sub>1</sub> is the current temperature of slurry
+T<sub>1</sub> is the current temperature of slurry and is expressed in °C.
-mass of slurry = volume of digester (V) × density of slurry(ρ)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - equation 2
+mass of slurry = volume of digester (V) × density of slurry(ρ) and is expressed in Kg. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - equation 2
-Where V is the volume of digester and ρ is the density of slurry
+Where V is the volume of digester, expressed in m<sup>3</sup> and ρ is the density of slurry, expressed in Kg/m<sup>3</sup> .
 Density of slurry (ρ) = density of water + density of cow dung&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- equation 2
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 Putting these values in equation one we can know the energy required for heating the slurry. The unit of energy is Kj(Kilo joule)<ref name="http://www.aepc.gov.np/docs/resource/subreport/20140708034742_Final%20Report_Digester%20Heating.pdf">http://www.aepc.gov.np/docs/resource/subreport/20140708034742_Final%20Report_Digester%20Heating.pdf</ref>.
 = Examples =

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 This document will discuss the potentials, obstacles and necessary framework conditions for the utilisation of biogas for small and medium scale electricity generation in developing countries. This paper will not address the biogas production process in general but focus uniquely on electricity generation. The findings presented here are based mainly on available experience from [http://www.giz.de/en/ GTZ]-related pilot biogas power plants in different countries. They focus on more or less well-documented existing country cases even though little extensive documentation of practical long term operating experience is available. Besides the cases described here, we know of further examples from other GTZ projects (e.g. [[Bolivia Energy Situation|Bolivia]], [[Tunisia Energy Situation|Tunisia]] and the [[Ivory Coast Energy Situation|Ivory Coast]]). However, there is not yet sufficient information concerning these to merit inclusion in this assessment.
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 = The Technology =
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 [[#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 = Appropriate Combustion Engine =
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 <br/>
-Standard quality sulphur filters and filter material can be purchased on the market.
+Standard quality sulphur filters and filter material can be purchased on the market.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;
 [[#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
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 [[#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 [[Category:Germany]]

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 This document will discuss the potentials, obstacles and necessary framework conditions for the utilisation of biogas for small and medium scale electricity generation in developing countries. This paper will not address the biogas production process in general but focus uniquely on electricity generation. The findings presented here are based mainly on available experience from [http://www.giz.de/en/ GTZ]-related pilot biogas power plants in different countries. They focus on more or less well-documented existing country cases even though little extensive documentation of practical long term operating experience is available. Besides the cases described here, we know of further examples from other GTZ projects (e.g. [[Bolivia Energy Situation|Bolivia]], [[Tunisia Energy Situation|Tunisia]] and the [[Ivory Coast Energy Situation|Ivory Coast]]). However, there is not yet sufficient information concerning these to merit inclusion in this assessment.
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 *pigs, humans: 30 liters biogas per day per 1 kg weight
 For yield ranges and methane contents for 33 different substrates, please see [[Gas Yields and Methane Contents for Various Substrates|Gas Yields and Methane Contents for Various Substrates]].&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
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 In most commercially run biogas power plants today, internal combustion motors have become the standard technology either as gas or diesel motors.
 == Internal Combustion Engines ==
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 == Appropriate Gas Quality ==
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 [[#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 [[Category:Brazil]]

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 In most commercially run biogas power plants today, internal combustion motors have become the standard technology either as gas or diesel motors.
 == Internal Combustion Engines ==
-*'''Diesel Engines'''operate on biogas only in dual fuel mode. To facilitate the ignition of the biogas, a small amount of ignition gas is injected together with the biogas. Modern pilot injection gas engines (“Zündstrahlmotoren”) need about 2% additional ignition oil. Almost every diesel engine can be converted into a pilot injection gas engine. These motors running in dual fuel mode have the advantage that they can also use gas with low heating value. But in that case, they consume a considerable amount of diesel. Up to engine sizes of about 200kW the pilot injection engines seem to have advantages against gas motors due to slightly higher efficiency (3-4% higher) and lower investment costs.
+*'''Diesel Engines''' operate on biogas only in dual fuel mode. To facilitate the ignition of the biogas, a small amount of ignition gas is injected together with the biogas. Modern pilot injection gas engines (“Zündstrahlmotoren”) need about 2% additional ignition oil. Almost every diesel engine can be converted into a pilot injection gas engine. These motors running in dual fuel mode have the advantage that they can also use gas with low heating value. But in that case, they consume a considerable amount of diesel. Up to engine sizes of about 200kW the pilot injection engines seem to have advantages against gas motors due to slightly higher efficiency (3-4% higher) and lower investment costs.
-*'''Gas Motors'''with spark ignition (Otto system) can operate on biogas alone. In practice, a small amount of petrol (gasoline) is often used to start the engine. This technology is used for very small generator sets (~ 0.5-10 kW) as well as for large power plants. Especially in Germany, these engines have advantages as they do not need additional fossil fuels that would lead to lower feed-in tariffs according to the Renewable Energy Law (EEG).
+*'''Gas Motors''' with spark ignition (Otto system) can operate on biogas alone. In practice, a small amount of petrol (gasoline) is often used to start the engine. This technology is used for very small generator sets (~ 0.5-10 kW) as well as for large power plants. Especially in Germany, these engines have advantages as they do not need additional fossil fuels that would lead to lower feed-in tariffs according to the Renewable Energy Law (EEG).
 *'''Gas Turbines&nbsp;'''are occasionally used as biogas engines especially in the US. They are very small and can meet the strict exhaust emissions requirements of the California Air Resources Board (CARB) for operation on landfill and digester gases. Small biogas turbines with power outputs of 30-75 kW are available in the market. However, they are rarely used for small-scale applications in developing countries. They are expensive and due to their spinning at very high speeds and the high operating temperatures, the design and manufacturing of gas turbines is a challenging issue from both the engineering and material point of view. Maintenance of such a turbine is very different from well-known maintenance of a truck engine and therefore requires specific skills.
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 [[#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 == Appropriate Gas Quality ==