Digitalisation in Agriculture - Revision history

Lilia Maximova: /* Smallholder AgriTech Business Models */

2021-03-22T15:36:49Z

Smallholder AgriTech Business Models

Lisafeldmann at 08:27, 18 March 2021

2021-03-18T08:27:47Z

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Lilia Maximova at 08:33, 17 March 2021

2021-03-17T08:33:08Z

Lilia Maximova: /* Smallholder AgriTech Business Models */

2021-03-16T13:24:44Z

Smallholder AgriTech Business Models

Lilia Maximova at 12:49, 16 March 2021

2021-03-16T12:49:49Z

Lilia Maximova: /* Smallholder AgriTech Business Models */

2021-03-16T12:48:15Z

Smallholder AgriTech Business Models

Lilia Maximova: /* ICT-supported Financial Services */

2021-03-16T09:59:49Z

ICT-supported Financial Services

Lilia Maximova at 09:59, 16 March 2021

2021-03-16T09:59:24Z

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Lilia Maximova: /* Pay-as-you-go (PAYG) business models driving innovation */

2021-03-16T09:54:58Z

Pay-as-you-go (PAYG) business models driving innovation

Lilia Maximova at 12:03, 12 March 2021

2021-03-12T12:03:35Z

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 #Business models that have diversified sources of revenue.<ref name="Waruingi, J., Muriithi, E. (2016). Digital harvest. Final report. Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA).">Waruingi, J., Muriithi, E. (2016). Digital harvest. Final report. Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA).</ref><br/>
-On the same note, the [https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf WE4F Innovator Guidebook] points out such solutions as pay-as-you-go, rent-to-own, leasing, cross-subsidisation, selling to an aggregated unit, and many others to overcome the challenges of limited ability to pay by farmers and to reduce distribution and optimise maintenance costs.<ref name="Water Energy for Food. (2019). Innovator Guidebook: Navigating Business Models for the Base of the Pyramid in Water and Energy for Food. Retrieved from https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf.">Water Energy for Food. (2019). Innovator Guidebook: Navigating Business Models for the Base of the Pyramid in Water and Energy for Food. Retrieved from https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf.</ref><br/>
+Finally, the [https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf WE4F Innovator Guidebook] points out such solutions as pay-as-you-go, rent-to-own, leasing, cross-subsidisation, selling to an aggregated unit, and many others to overcome the challenges of limited ability to pay by farmers and to reduce distribution and optimise maintenance costs.<ref name="Water Energy for Food. (2019). Innovator Guidebook: Navigating Business Models for the Base of the Pyramid in Water and Energy for Food. Retrieved from https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf.">Water Energy for Food. (2019). Innovator Guidebook: Navigating Business Models for the Base of the Pyramid in Water and Energy for Food. Retrieved from https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf.</ref><br/>
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+<span class="link3">[[La numérisation de l'agriculture|►French Version]]</span><br/>{{Back to PA portal2}}<br/>
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 #Mechanization Platforms allow owners of tractors, drones and other equipment to schedule-lend equipment to farmers on a digital platform.<ref name="Voutier, P. (2020). Smallholder AgriTech Business Models: High-potential models emerging in Southeast Asia. Grow Asia Partnership Ltd.">Voutier, P. (2020). Smallholder AgriTech Business Models: High-potential models emerging in Southeast Asia. Grow Asia Partnership Ltd.</ref><br/>
-On the same note, the AGRA [https://www.raflearning.org/sites/default/files/20161024_digital_harvest_final_report.pdf?token=iFv2y-WN final report] identified five key traits of sustainable business models:
+On the same note, the [https://agra.org/ AGRA]&nbsp;[https://www.raflearning.org/sites/default/files/20161024_digital_harvest_final_report.pdf?token=iFv2y-WN final report] identified five key traits of sustainable business models:<br/>
 #Revenue models that involve agribusinesses or institutions covering the cost of smallholder farmers’ access to the service.
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 Blockchain technology affects the way banks, credit card companies and investment funds operate. It makes banking transactions and provision of [https://sfmagazine.com/post-entry/july-2018-blockchain-disruption-and-opportunity/ financial and insurance services] faster, cheaper, more secure and inclusive. The banking industry has started testing the blockchain technology with cryptocurrencies and other assets that can be exchanged on blockchain directly without involvement of a third party that would normally charge for services. A number of banks such as ING, Société Générale, Barclays, Standard Chartered and BNP Paribas, large corporations like Unilever, Sainsbury’s and Sappi as well as fintech start-ups [https://www.gtreview.com/news/fintech/banks-to-pilot-new-concept-for-blockchain-based-supply-chain-finance/ started using DLTs] to track physical supply chains and unlock access to financing for sustainable sourcing.<ref name="Addison, Ch., Boto, I., Heinen, Th., Lohento, K. (2019). Opportunities of Blockchain for agriculture. Brussels Rural Development Briefings. A series of meetings on ACP-EU policy Development issues. Briefing No 55.">Addison, Ch., Boto, I., Heinen, Th., Lohento, K. (2019). Opportunities of Blockchain for agriculture. Brussels Rural Development Briefings. A series of meetings on ACP-EU policy Development issues. Briefing No 55.</ref>
-ICT solutions are especially promising to bridge the gap of access to financial services in the countries of the Global South and provide financial services to people living in remote areas, lacking services commonly available in cities. The rise of smartphone penetration and improvements in connectivity indicate that the possibility that farmers could [https://www.mamopanel.org/news/blog/2019/jan/24/can-africas-agribusiness-sector-unlock-blockchains/ harness blockchain’s technology full potential] seems realistic.<ref name="GSM Association. (2020). The Mobile Economy: sub-Saharan Africa 2020.">GSM Association. (2020). The Mobile Economy: sub-Saharan Africa 2020.</ref> Yet, even if blockchain offers advanced security, regulatory and legal frameworks are crucial to guide the use of blockchain technology in food supply chains and possible security risks.<ref name="Addison, Ch., Boto, I., Heinen, Th., Lohento, K. (2019). Opportunities of Blockchain for agriculture. Brussels Rural Development Briefings. A series of meetings on ACP-EU policy Development issues. Briefing No 55.">Addison, Ch., Boto, I., Heinen, Th., Lohento, K. (2019). Opportunities of Blockchain for agriculture. Brussels Rural Development Briefings. A series of meetings on ACP-EU policy Development issues. Briefing No 55.</ref>
+ICT solutions are especially promising to bridge the gap of access to financial services in the countries of the Global South and provide financial services to people living in remote areas, lacking services commonly available in cities. The rise of smartphone penetration and improvements in connectivity indicate that the possibility that farmers could [https://www.mamopanel.org/news/blog/2019/jan/24/can-africas-agribusiness-sector-unlock-blockchains/ harness blockchain’s technology full potential] seems realistic.<ref name="GSM Association. (2020). The Mobile Economy: sub-Saharan Africa 2020.">GSM Association. (2020). The Mobile Economy: sub-Saharan Africa 2020.</ref> Yet, even if blockchain offers advanced security, regulatory and legal frameworks are crucial to guide the use of blockchain technology in food supply chains and possible security risks.<ref name="Addison, Ch., Boto, I., Heinen, Th., Lohento, K. (2019). Opportunities of Blockchain for agriculture. Brussels Rural Development Briefings. A series of meetings on ACP-EU policy Development issues. Briefing No 55.">Addison, Ch., Boto, I., Heinen, Th., Lohento, K. (2019). Opportunities of Blockchain for agriculture. Brussels Rural Development Briefings. A series of meetings on ACP-EU policy Development issues. Briefing No 55.</ref><br/>
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 On the same note, the [https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf WE4F Innovator Guidebook] points out such solutions as pay-as-you-go, rent-to-own, leasing, cross-subsidisation, selling to an aggregated unit, and many others to overcome the challenges of limited ability to pay by farmers and to reduce distribution and optimise maintenance costs.<ref name="Water Energy for Food. (2019). Innovator Guidebook: Navigating Business Models for the Base of the Pyramid in Water and Energy for Food. Retrieved from https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf.">Water Energy for Food. (2019). Innovator Guidebook: Navigating Business Models for the Base of the Pyramid in Water and Energy for Food. Retrieved from https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf.</ref><br/>
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 == <span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span style="color: rgb(0, 163, 173);">Digitization of Agribusiness Payments in Africa: Building a Ramp for Farmers’ Financial Inclusion and Participation in a Digital Economy</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> ==
-The [https://www.worldbank.org/ World Bank] [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/915271601013162558/digitization-of-agribusiness-payments-in-africa-building-a-ramp-for-farmers-financial-inclusion-and-participation-in-a-digital-economy report] “Digitization of Agribusiness Payments in Africa: Building a Ramp for Farmers’ Financial Inclusion and Participation in a Digital Economy” aims to present the rationale for digitization of agribusiness payments in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), assess the current status of digitization using demand and supply-side data, and identify key actions that can help accelerate digitization. The report draws on an analysis of financial-inclusion data from the [https://globalfindex.worldbank.org/ Global Findex] database, a triennial global financial inclusion survey data undertaken by the World Bank, and the Africa Agribusiness Payments Survey, a survey of 29 national, regional and global agribusinesses active across 17 countries in SSA.
+The [https://www.worldbank.org/ World Bank] [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/915271601013162558/digitization-of-agribusiness-payments-in-africa-building-a-ramp-for-farmers-financial-inclusion-and-participation-in-a-digital-economy report] “Digitization of Agribusiness Payments in Africa: Building a Ramp for Farmers’ Financial Inclusion and Participation in a Digital Economy” aims to present the rationale for digitization of agribusiness payments in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), assess the current status of digitization using demand and supply-side data, and identify key actions that can help accelerate digitization. The report draws on an analysis of financial-inclusion data from the [https://globalfindex.worldbank.org/ Global Findex] database, a triennial global financial inclusion survey data undertaken by the World Bank, and the Africa Agribusiness Payments Survey, a survey of 29 national, regional and global agribusinesses active across 17 countries in SSA.<br/>
 == <span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span style="color: rgb(0, 163, 173);">The Blueprint Series: Can Agribusinesses Successfully Pivot to Digital Agricultural Platforms?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> ==
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 There has been a surge in AgriTech start-ups in recent years. They tap into the potential that technology offers and introduce innovative business models that accommodate the previously overlooked base of the pyramid (BOP) market segment.
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 The base of the pyramid (BOP) is a socio-economic group that consists of four billion people who live in relative poverty with annual incomes below $3,000 in local purchasing power. The food sector is valued at $2,900 billion for the BOP market, significantly larger than any other industry, such as water ($20 billion), information and communication technology or ICT ($51 billion), health ($158 billion), transportation ($179 billion), housing ($332 billion), and energy ($433 billion). Despite an overall large value of over $5 trillion, the BOP market is highly fragmented and unique, comprised of different cultures, languages, needs that are different from one location to the next.<ref name="Water Energy for Food. (2019). Innovator Guidebook: Navigating Business Models for the Base of the Pyramid in Water and Energy for Food. Retrieved from https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf.">Water Energy for Food. (2019). Innovator Guidebook: Navigating Business Models for the Base of the Pyramid in Water and Energy for Food. Retrieved from https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf.</ref><br/>
-The Grow Asia [https://bit.ly/2Pn5FDL publication]&nbsp;identified five business models which appeared to show the greatest potential in reaching smallholder farmers at scale:<br/>
+The [https://www.growasia.org/ Grow Asia]&nbsp;[https://bit.ly/2Pn5FDL publication]&nbsp;identified five business models which appeared to show the greatest potential in reaching smallholder farmers at scale:<br/>
-#Digital Advisory services that provide customized advice and information to farmers over a social media platform and/or a mobile application.
+#Digital Advisory services that provide customized advice and information to farmers over a social media platform and/or a mobile application.<br/>
 #Peer-to-Peer Lending platforms help de-risk the investments in the agricultural sector by allowing lenders to make individual loans to farmers over a digital platform.
 #Traceability solutions use a database or ledger to record the origin of commodities from farms.
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 On the same note, the [https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf WE4F Innovator Guidebook] points out such solutions as pay-as-you-go, rent-to-own, leasing, cross-subsidisation, selling to an aggregated unit, and many others to overcome the challenges of limited ability to pay by farmers and to reduce distribution and optimise maintenance costs.<ref name="Water Energy for Food. (2019). Innovator Guidebook: Navigating Business Models for the Base of the Pyramid in Water and Energy for Food. Retrieved from https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf.">Water Energy for Food. (2019). Innovator Guidebook: Navigating Business Models for the Base of the Pyramid in Water and Energy for Food. Retrieved from https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf.</ref><br/>
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 Low-income consumers lack access to finance as a result of a perceived lack of creditworthiness by large-scale institutions or the high transaction costs, moreover, small-scale loans being unprofitable for large institutions.<ref name="Water Energy for Food. (2019). Innovator Guidebook: Navigating Business Models for the Base of the Pyramid in Water and Energy for Food. Retrieved from https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf.">Water Energy for Food. (2019). Innovator Guidebook: Navigating Business Models for the Base of the Pyramid in Water and Energy for Food. Retrieved from https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf.</ref> It is therefore not surprising that most farmers don’t have bank accounts.
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 In contractual farming, there are usually long distances between the farmers and the lead firm. Making payments in cash can be risky and resource consuming, taking into consideration the remote location of the farms. This leads to delays in payments and seriously limits the farmers’ potential to increase or even sustain their production and income. The use of mobile payment services is increasingly offering a solution to this issue. Mobile payment services are easier to access than conventional banking services and allow timely money transfers. However, the availability of a local agent where a farmer can withdraw cash is a prerequisite. At the same time, while timely processing of payments is of high benefit for farmers, they are used to cash money and might mistrust the new modalities, and thus show low acceptance. Opening a mobile payment account cannot be forced on the farmers. The incentives and awareness-raising measures are instrumental to convince farmers to change their financial behavior.<ref name="Elsäßer, R. (2017). ICT Toolbox for Contract Farming Professionals: 10 effective information and communication tools to enhance the competitiveness of contract farming. GIZ.">Elsäßer, R. (2017). ICT Toolbox for Contract Farming Professionals: 10 effective information and communication tools to enhance the competitiveness of contract farming. GIZ.</ref>&nbsp;
-Pay-as-you-go (PAYG) business models make products and services accessible to low-income consumers, thus, driving financial inclusion. While PAYG is known mostly from its successful application in solar home system business models, it can be applied to any productive capital inputs such as tractors, water pumps, and irrigation systems.<ref name="Water Energy for Food. (2019). Innovator Guidebook: Navigating Business Models for the Base of the Pyramid in Water and Energy for Food. Retrieved from https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf.">Water Energy for Food. (2019). Innovator Guidebook: Navigating Business Models for the Base of the Pyramid in Water and Energy for Food. Retrieved from https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf.</ref> PAYG utility solutions enable innovative models for energy, water and sanitation services that are affordable, clean, safe and reliable. PAYG models allow people to make incremental payments, often through mobile money, for example, for a solar household system that can power phone and radio charging, as well as other appliances such as TVs and fans, thus, representing an opportunity to make progress with UN Sustainable Development Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy. These innovative PAYG utility solutions demonstrate how enabling users, especially those in low-income segments, to make regular, affordable mobile money payments for crucial energy, water and sanitation services drives both financial inclusion and social impact.<ref name="GSM Association. (2020). The Mobile Economy: sub-Saharan Africa 2020.">GSM Association. (2020). The Mobile Economy: sub-Saharan Africa 2020.</ref>
+== <span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span class="link3"><span style="color: rgb(0, 163, 173);">Pay-as-you-go (PAYG) business models driving innovation</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br/> ==
-The lack of cost recovery for grid extension and mini-grid projects, high up-front cost of energy access and the lack of private investment as well as well-targeted subsidies for renewable projects form a barrier to expanding energy access.<ref name="Tellez, C., Waldron, D. (2017). The Fight for Light: Improving Energy Access through Digital Payments. Better Than Cash Alliance. UNCDF.">Tellez, C., Waldron, D. (2017). The Fight for Light: Improving Energy Access through Digital Payments. Better Than Cash Alliance. UNCDF.</ref> UNCDF CleanStart report [[Publication - The Fight for Light: Improving Energy Access through Digital Payments|highlights]] the increasing role of digital payments and inclusive digital ecosystems in achieving sustainable energy for all. Also, blockchain technology is used to [[Blockchain Techologies For the Energy Access Sector|enhance and finance energy access]].
+Pay-as-you-go (PAYG) business models make products and services accessible to low-income consumers, thus, driving financial inclusion. While PAYG is known mostly from its successful application in solar home system business models, it can be applied to any productive capital inputs such as tractors, water pumps, and irrigation systems.<ref name="Water Energy for Food. (2019). Innovator Guidebook: Navigating Business Models for the Base of the Pyramid in Water and Energy for Food. Retrieved from https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf.">Water Energy for Food. (2019). Innovator Guidebook: Navigating Business Models for the Base of the Pyramid in Water and Energy for Food. Retrieved from https://we4f.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/WE4F_ThoughtLeaderReport_InnovatorGuidebook_revised_final.pdf.</ref> PAYG utility solutions enable innovative models for energy, water and sanitation services that are affordable, clean, safe and reliable. PAYG models allow people to make incremental payments, often through mobile money, for example, for a solar household system that can power phone and radio charging, as well as other appliances such as TVs and fans, thus, representing an opportunity to make progress with UN Sustainable Development Goal 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy. These innovative PAYG utility solutions demonstrate how enabling users, especially those in low-income segments, to make regular, affordable mobile money payments for crucial energy, water and sanitation services drives both financial inclusion and social impact.<ref name="GSM Association. (2020). The Mobile Economy: sub-Saharan Africa 2020.">GSM Association. (2020). The Mobile Economy: sub-Saharan Africa 2020.</ref><br/>
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 The GSMA report estimates that, at the end of 2019, there were 477 million unique mobile subscribers in sub-Saharan Africa. This number accounts for 45% of the population and continues to rise, as well as smartphone adoption. GSMA expects this number to double by 2025. The number of mobile users will grow from 272 million in 2019 to 475 million in 2025. As for mobile data consumption in sub-Saharan Africa, it is expected to grow more than fourfold by 2025.<ref name="GSM Association. (2020). The Mobile Economy: sub-Saharan Africa 2020.">GSM Association. (2020). The Mobile Economy: sub-Saharan Africa 2020.</ref> Hence, ICT4Ag’s importance for the agricultural sector will only expand.
-[[File:Imo 81A1118.JPG|thumb|center|600pxpx|Rice Mill Worker in Kebbi, Nigeria]]
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