Decentralized Drinking Water Supply - Revision history

Hector Alfaro at 15:20, 19 March 2024

2024-03-19T15:20:04Z

Hector Alfaro at 15:19, 19 March 2024

2024-03-19T15:19:31Z

Ranisha: /* Further Information */

2017-05-31T08:02:59Z

Further Information

Ranisha: /* Further Information */

2016-09-26T11:19:53Z

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Ranisha: /* Further Information */

2016-09-26T11:13:16Z

Further Information

Wiki Gardener at 10:10, 4 November 2014

2014-11-04T10:10:37Z

Wiki Gardener at 10:53, 18 June 2014

2014-06-18T10:53:01Z

Wiki Gardener at 10:52, 18 June 2014

2014-06-18T10:52:19Z

Wiki Gardener at 10:51, 18 June 2014

2014-06-18T10:51:58Z

Wiki Gardener at 10:51, 18 June 2014

2014-06-18T10:51:26Z

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 = Overview =
-According to the '''<span class="l">World Health Organization</span> ([http://www.who.int/en/ WHO])''' statistics, about 7 million people die every year due to contaminated ground water. 1.4 billion people (more than one fifth of the world population) are affected by water shortage and do not have an adequate supply of potable drinking water. People living in remote rural areas or in a suburban housing scheme in developing countries are especially affected by water shortage.<ref name="WHO: http://www.who.int/en/">WHO: http://www.who.int/en/
+According to the '''World Health Organization ([http://www.who.int/en/ WHO])''' statistics, about 7 million people die every year due to contaminated ground water. 1.4 billion people (more than one fifth of the world population) are affected by water shortage and do not have an adequate supply of potable drinking water. People living in remote rural areas or in a suburban housing scheme in developing countries are especially affected by water shortage.<ref name="WHO: http://www.who.int/en/">WHO: http://www.who.int/en/
 </ref>
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 Small, wall-mounted Systems that appear expensive at first can be brought to health centers, schools or even households that have access to a water source. They appear expensive, but run for example from a Solar Home System they can produce enough water to SELL in the neighbourhood for 3$-6$ per 1000L.
 = Technologies - Without Electricity =

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-= Overview<br/> =
+= Overview =
 According to the '''<span class="l">World Health Organization</span> ([http://www.who.int/en/ WHO])''' statistics, about 7 million people die every year due to contaminated ground water. 1.4 billion people (more than one fifth of the world population) are affected by water shortage and do not have an adequate supply of potable drinking water. People living in remote rural areas or in a suburban housing scheme in developing countries are especially affected by water shortage.<ref name="WHO: http://www.who.int/en/">WHO: http://www.who.int/en/
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 </ref>
-<br/>
+= Technologies - In General =
 Technologies to produce clean drinking water decentrally, from renewable energy sources and for a reasonable and commercially viable price are at hand. The cost per litre is very much depending on the degree and type of contamination though. Generally it can be said that arsenic contamination is the most expencive to deal with, gladly this type of contamination only occurs in very few countries. Salty/Brackish water is in the middle range when it comes to cost for purification. Sweetwater is the cheapest, as the removal of impurities or bacteria can be done quite easily. At last of course it is cheaper to use a surface water if that is available, as deep well pumps dont have to be run.
 If sweet uncontaminated groundwater can be found only very little filtering is needed. Mostly [[Photovoltaic (PV) Pumping|Photovoltaic (PV) Pumping units]] for this purpose can be built locally and for low costs.
 [[File:PV Pump Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Stormproof Water Tank for a PV Pump in Bangladesh]]
 Some suppliers offer high quality combined units for desalination and desinfection that can produce water for 3$-8$ from salt contaminated ground water.
@@ Line 32: / Line 26: @@
 Small, wall-mounted Systems that appear expensive at first can be brought to health centers, schools or even households that have access to a water source. They appear expensive, but run for example from a Solar Home System they can produce enough water to SELL in the neighbourhood for 3$-6$ per 1000L.
-<br/>
+= Technologies - Without Electricity =
 Severeal ideas and technologies are available to provide clean drinking water on household level, that do not use any electricity.
@@ Line 44: / Line 36: @@
 *[http://www.sodis.ch/index_EN SODIS]
-<br/>
+= Technical Process =
-=== Thermal Purification Processes<br/> ===
+=== Thermal Purification Processes ===
 <u>Distillation:</u>
@@ Line 54: / Line 44: @@
 *Thermal desalination: [http://www.solarspring.de/ www.solarspring]
-<br/>
+=== Electrical Purification Processes ===
 <u>Reverse osmosis:</u>
 *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodialysis Electrodialysis]
-<br/>
+= Further Information =
 *[http://www.lao-ire.org/Programs/solar-waterpurification.html Solar water purification in Laos]
@@ Line 72: / Line 57: @@
 *[[:File:Overview of Solar Seawater Desalination in the MENA Region.pdf|Overview of solar seawater desalination in the MENA region]]
-<br/>
+= References =
 <references />

@@ Line 70: / Line 70: @@
 *[[Solar_Water_Purification_in_India|Solar water purification in India]]<br/>
 *[[Solar_Water_Purification_(PA_Technology)| Solar water purification]]
 <br/>

@@ Line 67: / Line 67: @@
 *[http://www.lao-ire.org/Programs/solar-waterpurification.html Solar water purification in Laos]
-*[[Wind_Energy_-_Water_Desalination|Wind Energy - Water Desalination]]<br/>
+*[[Wind_Energy_-_Water_Desalination|Wind energy - water desalination]]<br/>
-*[[Solar_Water_Purification_in_India|Solar Water Purification in India]]<br/>
+*[[Solar_Water_Purification_in_India|Solar water purification in India]]<br/>
 <br/>

@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 <br/>
 = Further Information<br/> =
 *[http://www.lao-ire.org/Programs/solar-waterpurification.html Solar water purification in Laos]
 <br/>
 = References<br/> =

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 = Overview<br/> =
-According to the '''<span class="l">World Health Organization</span> ([http://www.who.int/en/ WHO])''' statistics, about 7 million people die every year due to contaminated ground water. 1.4 billion people (more than one fifth of the world population) are affected by water shortage and do not have an adequate supply of potable drinking water. People living in remote rural areas or in a suburban housing scheme in developing countries are especially affected by water shortage.
+According to the '''<span class="l">World Health Organization</span> ([http://www.who.int/en/ WHO])''' statistics, about 7 million people die every year due to contaminated ground water. 1.4 billion people (more than one fifth of the world population) are affected by water shortage and do not have an adequate supply of potable drinking water. People living in remote rural areas or in a suburban housing scheme in developing countries are especially affected by water shortage.<ref name="WHO: http://www.who.int/en/">WHO: http://www.who.int/en/
-In developing countries a drinking water supply of poor quality is the root of 80% of all illnesses. Through environmental pollution, population growth and an increasing water consumption per person, it is estimated that 50% of the world population will not have enough drinking water by the year 2050. Due to these facts, water purification and an adequate potable water supply are important topics which are discussed world-wide.
+In developing countries a drinking water supply of poor quality is the root of 80% of all illnesses. Through environmental pollution, population growth and an increasing water consumption per person, it is estimated that 50% of the world population will not have enough drinking water by the year 2050. Due to these facts, water purification and an adequate potable water supply are important topics which are discussed world-wide.<ref>Fraunhofer ISE: http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/admin-folder/archiv/areas-of-business-and-market-areas/copy_of_renewable-power-supply/decentralized-%20pv-water-purification-systems
-In developing countries the situation is intensified due to a poor or non-existent electricity grid. However, developing countries show a prevailingly high potential for the use of renewable energy (e.g. solar, wind). Further, the decentralized electricity supply is often the more cost effective solution as compared to a grid-connected system.
+In developing countries the situation is intensified due to a poor or non-existent electricity grid. However, developing countries show a prevailingly high potential for the use of renewable energy (e.g. solar, wind). Further, the decentralized electricity supply is often the more cost effective solution as compared to a grid-connected system.<ref>Fraunhofer ISE: http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/admin-folder/archiv/areas-of-business-and-market-areas/copy_of_renewable-power-supply/decentralized-%20pv-water-purification-systems
-On the large-scale, technologies for desalination and water disinfection are already installed in many different countries and are working reliably. For the application in rural areas of developing countries, however, the need for improvement still exists with regard to the energy supply and minimizing the maintenance requirements.
+On the large-scale, technologies for desalination and water disinfection are already installed in many different countries and are working reliably. For the application in rural areas of developing countries, however, the need for improvement still exists with regard to the energy supply and minimizing the maintenance requirements.<ref>Fraunhofer ISE: http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/admin-folder/archiv/areas-of-business-and-market-areas/copy_of_renewable-power-supply/decentralized-%20pv-water-purification-systems
 <br/>
@@ Line 61: / Line 65: @@
 = Further Information<br/> =
-*Solar water purification in Laos: [http://www.lao-ire.org/Programs/solar-waterpurification.html lao-ire.org]
+*[http://www.lao-ire.org/Programs/solar-waterpurification.html Solar water purification in Laos]
 <br/>
@@ Line 70: / Line 73: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Water_Supply]]

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 <br/>
-[[File:PV Pump Bangladesh.jpg|frame|center|108px|Stormproof Water Tank for a PV Pump in Bangladesh]]
+[[File:PV Pump Bangladesh.jpg|frame|center|30px|Stormproof Water Tank for a PV Pump in Bangladesh]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 <br/>
-== Technologies - Without Electricity<br/> ==
+= Technologies - Without Electricity<br/> =
 Severeal ideas and technologies are available to provide clean drinking water on household level, that do not use any electricity.
@@ Line 70: / Line 70: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Laos]]