Country Project South Africa - Revision history

Ranisha: /* 1. Introduction/overview of the country */

2022-07-26T07:31:13Z

1. Introduction/overview of the country

Ranisha at 15:05, 19 July 2022

2022-07-19T15:05:25Z

Ranisha: Ranisha moved page Country Project South Africa Group 3 to Country Project South Africa without leaving a redirect

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Ranisha moved page Country Project South Africa Group 3 to Country Project South Africa without leaving a redirect

Ranisha: /* 7. References */

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7. References

Ranisha: /* 5. System Operation */

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5. System Operation

Ranisha: /* 3. Distribution */

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3. Distribution

Ranisha at 10:28, 19 July 2022

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Ranisha: /* 6. Clean cooking */

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6. Clean cooking

Ranisha: /* 5. Policy, Legal, and Regulatory Framework */

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5. Policy, Legal, and Regulatory Framework

Ranisha at 09:49, 19 July 2022

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 '''Context and Significance'''
-South Africa, adjudged as Africa's most industrialised (Monyei & Adewumi, 2017), developed and second-largest economy (World Bank, 2021a), is located on the continent's southernmost part. The country is bordered (as depicted in Figure 1) to the North by Botswana and Zimbabwe; Mozambique and Eswatini to the Northeast; and Namibia to the Northwest. Lesotho, an independent country, is entirely bounded as an enclave within the Eastern part of the country. The entire Eastern, Western and Southern bounds of the country are coastlines. To the East is the Indian Ocean, while the Atlantic Ocean borders the Western coast. However, both Oceans meet at the Cape Agulhas, which is noted as the Southernmost tip of the African continent.
+[[South Africa Energy Situation|South Africa]], adjudged as Africa's most industrialised (Monyei & Adewumi, 2017), developed and second-largest economy (World Bank, 2021a), is located on the continent's southernmost part. The country is bordered (as depicted in Figure 1) to the North by Botswana and Zimbabwe; Mozambique and Eswatini to the Northeast; and Namibia to the Northwest. Lesotho, an independent country, is entirely bounded as an enclave within the Eastern part of the country. The entire Eastern, Western and Southern bounds of the country are coastlines. To the East is the Indian Ocean, while the Atlantic Ocean borders the Western coast. However, both Oceans meet at the Cape Agulhas, which is noted as the Southernmost tip of the African continent.
 '''Table 1: Highlights of South Africa's National Overview'''

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 '''Introduction'''
-This article was written by South Africa Group 3 members - [https://www.linkedin.com/in/thabomoyo/ Thabo Moyo], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/nkosinathi-madushele-3288b233/ Nkosinathi Madushele], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/olanike-grace-olajide-7ab8531b8/ Olanike Olajide], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/samsonfaboye/ Samson Faboye], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/zenzile-zelda-rasmeni-83717a6b/ Zenzile Rasmeni] and [https://www.linkedin.com/in/oyetola-ogunkunle-phd-8b306b146/ Oyetola Ogunkunle] as part of the requirements for the Open Africa Power Fellowship Programme 2021.
+This article was written by South Africa Group 3 members - [https://www.linkedin.com/in/thabomoyo/ Thabo Moyo], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/nkosinathi-madushele-3288b233/ Nkosinathi Madushele], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/olanike-grace-olajide-7ab8531b8/ Olanike Olajide], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/samsonfaboye/ Samson Faboye], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/zenzile-zelda-rasmeni-83717a6b/ Zenzile Rasmeni] and [https://www.linkedin.com/in/oyetola-ogunkunle-phd-8b306b146/ Oyetola Ogunkunle] as part of the requirements for the Open Africa Power Fellowship Programme 2021. Click [[:File:South Africa Group 3 OAP.pdf|'''here''']] to download the pdf version of this article.
 = 1.    Introduction/overview of the country =

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 = 7.   References =
 Africa Power Monitor. (2021). ''Accelerating South Africa’s energy transition with gas power and renewables''. Issue 295.
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 World Bank. (2017). ''Linking Up: Public-Private Partnerships in Power Transmission in Africa.''
 [[Category:South Africa]]
 [[Category:Renewable Energy]]

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 System Operation covers the complete area of activities for operating electric power systems, including security, control and quality in terms of fixed technical standards, principles and procedures, but also the synchronous operation of interconnected power systems. System Operation covers the following areas for network codes:
+*network security and reliability rules, including rules for technical transmission reserve capacity for operational network security;
-·        network security and reliability rules, including rules for technical transmission reserve capacity for operational network security;
+*data exchange and settlement rules;
+*interoperability rules;
-·        data exchange and settlement rules;
+*operational procedures in an emergency;
 The purpose of the network code is to safeguard operational security, preventing the propagation or deterioration of an incident from avoiding a widespread disturbance and the blackout state and allowing for the efficient and rapid restoration of the electricity system from the emergency or blackout. The guideline lays down rules and requirements for the purpose of safeguarding a good level of operational security, frequency, quality and efficient use of the interconnected system and resources (Amrane & Kouba, 2021).

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 One of the earlier challenges identified by the INEP is the slow pace and prohibitive cost of grid expansion to rural settlements. The Household Electrification Strategy (NHES) was launched with various ideas to address the challenges, and the policy adopted the following focus areas to address the challenges (Department of Energy South Africa, 2014).
-·        Achieve universal energy access by 2025 and defined as 97% household electrification.
+*Achieve universal energy access by 2025 and defined as 97% household electrification.
-·        Only 90% of new houses will utilise the national grid, while the rest will be electrified with high-quality off-grid SHSs. With 50 to 100 Wp stand-alone, SHS is recommended for off-grid electrification.
+*Only 90% of new houses will utilise the national grid, while the rest will be electrified with high-quality off-grid SHSs. With 50 to 100 Wp stand-alone, SHS is recommended for off-grid electrification.
-·        A well-crafted approach to enhance efficient execution of projects.
+*Consolidate and develop proposed delivery targets in line with other national development goals
 = 4.   Retailing =

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 South Africa is at a vantage position in the abundance of biomass, wind, and solar energy potential, but its over-reliance on coal has significantly increased the country’s carbon emissions. While these renewable energy resources are sufficient to power the South African economy, there exist some barriers to such feasibility like technical, financial, policy, and environmental challenges. This article aims at presenting a roadmap towards achieving 100% renewable energy in South Africa from the power generation perspective.
-[[File:The Energy Mix in South Africa..png|left|thumb]]
+[[File:The Energy Mix in South Africa..png|right|thumb|Figure 12:  The Energy Mix in South Africa. Source: Data & Statistics, IEA,  (2021).]]
 '''Current State of the Energy sector in South Africa'''

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 Figure  9. Existing Markets for Cookstoves and fuels in different geographic regions
-[[File:Existing Markets for Cookstoves and fuels in different geographic regions.png|left|thumb|498x498px]]
+[[File:Existing Markets for Cookstoves and fuels in different geographic regions.png|left|thumb|Source: Global Alliance for Clean Cook Stoves.]]
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 '''Setbacks and Challenges'''
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 There is a renewed interest in clean cooking fuels and cookstoves in recent years through the dissemination of clean cookstoves, an agenda strongly pushed by the GACC. Among South African households, electric stoves and traditional three-s tone stoves are used. In a study by Whitney ''et al''. (2018), the authors found that in South Africa, the 5 Star, Rocket and Isitofu stoves were used, using biomass briquettes, charcoal and wood pellets respectively in the study area. Interestingly, these traditional cookstoves were used in urban and peri-urban settlements in springs, Gauteng (26.2607° S, 28.4630° E).
-[[File:Typologies of cookstoves over open fires01.png|left|thumb|485x485px]]
+[[File:Typologies of cookstoves over open fires01.png|thumb|Figure 10a: Typologies of cookstoves over open fires]]
-Figure 10b: Samples of Clean Cooking devices.
+[[File:Samples of Clean Cooking devices.png|thumb|Figure 10b: Samples of Clean Cooking devices. Source: Accenture.com.]]
-Source: Accenture.com.
 '''Limitations of Cook Stove Penetration'''
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 '''Several other clean cooking products are available, but have not been widely adopted.'''
-[[File:Clean cooking alternatives yet to be widely adopted.png|left|thumb]]
+[[File:Clean cooking alternatives yet to be widely adopted.png|thumb|Figure 11: Clean cooking alternatives yet to be widely adopted. Source:  Global Alliance for Clean Cook Stoves.]]
 Clean cooking can address household and ambient air pollution, resource efficiency and climate vulnerability and bring about sustainable cities and communities. Clean cooking solutions will help address the most basic needs of the township dwellers while also delivering climate benefits—up to 25% of black carbon emissions come from burning solid fuels for household energy needs (USAID). Cooking with electricity could present a disruptive and transformative value proposition for households, allowing for more efficient and faster cooking times, adjustable heat levels, safer cooking, and absence of dangerous indoor emissions, as well as a visibly cleaner cooking environment (Leach ''et al''., 2018; Leary ''et al''., 2019; Myint ''et al''. 2019 and Scott ''et al''., 2019).
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 '''Framework for 100% Clean Cooking in South Africa.'''
 The South African government in collaboration with Eskom, the sole national utility, to implement an LPG cookstove distribution program. A two-burner gas stove with a 5 kg LPG cylinder and three vouchers for fuel refills were distributed free to households in a kit (Kimemia and Annegarn, 2016). The government also financially supported Eskom’s project to utilize the utility’s preexisting network and distribution facilities. A pilot test of 100,000 households in Cape Town found that 89% of families still used LPG as their primary fuel one year later (Mohlakoana & Annecke, 2009). Seven years after the program’s implementation in 2006, Kimemia and Annegarn (2016) found that over 60% of households continued to use LPG as their primary cooking fuel source. Those interviewed cited the initial free handout of an LPG cookstove kit and the time-saving benefits as reasons for continuing sustained use of the fuel, and cited electricity tariffs as reasons for not switching back to electric stoves. However, those who had switched back to electricity cited the lack of a fuel subsidy, the volatility of LPG pricing, and lack of infrastructure and supply as reasons for discontinuing use. According to Kimemia and Annegarn (2016), if the fuel itself were subsidized in a manner similar to the current subsidy for electricity use – which gives free electricity to households for the first 50 kWh – then LPG use could increase even more. This framework has helped to increase the use of clean cooking stoves in South Africa.
 = 7.      Specific regulation and business models for each electrification mode, cooking and other energy access related activities. =

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 = 5.    Policy, Legal, and Regulatory Framework =
 '''Structure and ownership of the power sector'''
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 Further reforms approved by the Cabinet in 2001 on the government monopoly were the 'managed liberalisation' initiative. This saw the vertical unbundling of Eskom with the establishment of a government-owned dedicated Transmission company. Primary energy sources were also diversified to make operational spaces for IPPs.
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 The Electricity Regulation Amendment Act 28 of 2007 was the first to the ERA of 2006. The amendment inserted specific definitions, a new chapter to deal with municipalities' electricity reticulation, and extended the Minister's powers to make regulations (Presidency, 2008). Further amendments to the ERA of 2006 were carried out in 2020 with amendments to Schedule 2. This was effected by the publication of a Licencing Exemption and Registration Notice (GN 402 in GG 43151) which elaborates the new amendments. This section, as amended, provides for licencing exemptions for specified parties either in obligation to apply or hold a licence from the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA).
-'''Energy policies, Secondary regulations and Electrification Plans:'''
+'''Energy policies, Secondary regulations and Electrification Plans:'''[[File:Timeline of South Africa’s Energy policy, 1990 -2016. .png|thumb|404x404px|alt=|Figure 8: Timeline of South Africa’s Energy policy, 1990 -2016. Source (Baker, 2017, p. 377)]]From the 1960s, the nexus of South Africa's energy policy was built around the 'minerals for energy complex' in which energy generation relied heavily on coal production – an abundant mineral from the country's extractive industry (Davidson & Winkler, 2006). This helped keep energy prices low while driving investment in the extractive industry. While this policy helped boost excess power generative capacity, it also accounted for increased carbon emissions- over three and half times the average of developing countries and higher than most European countries (Dyson, 2020). At the same time, South Africa's high carbon emissions can be attributed to its coal power plants, the energy-intensive activity required for mining and production of steel, aluminium, chromium and the heavy manufacturing industry.
 The White Paper on the Energy Policy of 1998 was the first post-apartheid national energy policy and regulatory framework. The document's object was set in five themes, namely: "increased access to affordable energy services, improving energy governance, stimulating economic development, managing energy-related environmental impacts, and securing energy supply through diversity" (Spalding-Fecher, 2002 pp. 6). This policy was launched to strengthen the governing ANC's Reconstruction Development Programme (RDP) launched in 1994 and the Growth Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) strategy launched in 1996. These post-apartheid national development policies were geared at economic redistribution and poverty alleviation. By seeking to increase energy access, the government embarked on rural electrification on a massive scale such that electricity increased from 35% in 1990 to 66% by 2001 (NER, 2001).
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 The Nation Development Plan (NDP) Vision 2030 is the extant overarching strategic plan of South Africa from which all sectoral policies are based. It was laid out in 2012 and iterated a proposal for investment in the energy sector, particularly in renewable sources, to support economic growth, competitive and affordable power tariffs. The NDP proposes renewable to supply 20,000 MW of the projected 29,000MW expansion in the power sector by 2030 (NPC, 2011). The national electrification laid out in the NDP incorporates the framework of the National Electrification Programme. This is a bid to extend more comprehensive access to electricity across the socio-economic cadres. Under this plan, 590,000 households are expected to be connected to the national grid over the medium term. At the same time, 20,000 households annually are targeted to be connected to non-grid electric sources (mainly solar) (ibid). Ultimately, the NDP looks to divestment from coal as the energy source to much cleaner energy sources, thereby cutting significantly South Africa's carbon emissions.
-[[File:Timeline of South Africa’s Energy policy, 1990 -2016. .png|left|thumb|404x404px|alt=|Figure 8: Timeline of South Africa’s Energy policy, 1990 -2016. Source (Baker, 2017, p. 377)]]

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-'''<big>Introduction</big>'''
+'''Introduction'''
 This article was written by South Africa Group 3 members - [https://www.linkedin.com/in/thabomoyo/ Thabo Moyo], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/nkosinathi-madushele-3288b233/ Nkosinathi Madushele], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/olanike-grace-olajide-7ab8531b8/ Olanike Olajide], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/samsonfaboye/ Samson Faboye], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/zenzile-zelda-rasmeni-83717a6b/ Zenzile Rasmeni] and [https://www.linkedin.com/in/oyetola-ogunkunle-phd-8b306b146/ Oyetola Ogunkunle] as part of the requirements for the Open Africa Power Fellowship Programme 2021.
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 = 3.    Review of current components and activities of the power system =
 '''Access to Electricity'''
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 Further reforms approved by the Cabinet in 2001 on the government monopoly were the 'managed liberalisation' initiative. This saw the vertical unbundling of Eskom with the establishment of a government-owned dedicated Transmission company. Primary energy sources were also diversified to make operational spaces for IPPs.
-[[File:Structure of South Africa’s Power Sector .png|left|thumb|518x518px]]
+[[File:Structure of South Africa’s Power Sector .png|left|thumb|Figure 7: Structure of South Africa’s Power Sector (Source: Dyson, 2020, p. 4)]]
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