Biogas Framework - Revision history

Ranisha at 12:08, 8 April 2015

2015-04-08T12:08:14Z

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Katharina Wiedemann at 17:23, 22 September 2014

2014-09-22T17:23:40Z

Wiki Gardener: /* EEG in Germany */

2014-06-11T11:31:24Z

EEG in Germany

Wiki Gardener at 11:30, 11 June 2014

2014-06-11T11:30:34Z

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Wiki Gardener: /* Further Information */

2014-06-11T11:25:32Z

Further Information

Wiki Gardener at 11:23, 11 June 2014

2014-06-11T11:23:18Z

Ranisha: Ranisha Basnet moved page Framework Conditions Biogas to Biogas Framework without leaving a redirect

2014-03-18T13:23:22Z

Ranisha Basnet moved page Framework Conditions Biogas to Biogas Framework without leaving a redirect

Frank Helbig: /* Incentives for Biogas Utilization */

2014-01-26T17:04:46Z

Incentives for Biogas Utilization

Frank Helbig at 22:37, 20 January 2014

2014-01-20T22:37:58Z

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Katharina Wiedemann at 10:08, 20 June 2013

2013-06-20T10:08:13Z

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 = Social Aspects in the Planning Process =
 [[Socio-Cultural Aspects of Biogas Projects#Participation|Participation]] of the local population is a key issue in the project planning phase. People should be involved as early as possible. The basic facts about biogas technology should be made clear beforehand, so that possible problems of biogas technology are transparent to the actors involved.
 <u>Obstacles can arise from religious and/or social [[Social Problems Affecting the Propagation of Biogas Technology|taboos]] in the following respects:</u>
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 *social prohibition of work involved in running a biogas unit, either due to the separation of classes, sexes, age groups or due to ethnic or religious affiliation.
+<br/>
 In order to deal with these obstacles in a way that considers local conditions as well as requirements of the project, the assistance and attitude of ruling or generally recognized [[Socio-Cultural Aspects of Biogas Projects#Authorities|institutions]] is of major importance. [[Socio-Cultural Aspects of Biogas Projects#Social classes and class barriers|Class structure and barriers]] have to be taken into account for as well. General features of the society's class structure and comparison with neighboring areas and/or similar projects can serve for a preliminary analysis. The concrete conditions in the project area have to be investigated based on this "general model" focusing on the [[Socio-Cultural Aspects of Biogas Projects#Definition of position of the target group|social position of the target group]]. For the delegation and organization of tasks during the project, the existing [[Socio-Cultural Aspects of Biogas Projects#Social regulations for the division of labor|social regulations on the division of labour]] represent a framework, that is often difficult to determine. [[Socio-Cultural Aspects of Biogas Projects#Gender considerations|Women]] are often kept out of decision-making processes even though they are usually the primarily affected group regarding household energy issues. Their participation can, for instance, be encouraged by integration into authoritative bodies or by forming special female committees.
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+|
-*[[Social Problems Affecting the Propagation of Biogas Technology#Ethical barriers|Ethical barriers]]
+*[[Social_Problems_Affecting_the_Propagation_of_Biogas_Technology#Ethical_barriers|Ethical barriers]]
 *[[Social Problems Affecting the Propagation of Biogas Technology#Socio-cultural taboos|Sociocultural taboos]]
 *[[Social Problems Affecting the Propagation of Biogas Technology#Defense mechanisms against the use of human excrements as fertilizer|Defense mechanisms, (specifically against the use of human excrements as fertilizer)]]
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 == Feed-in Tariff<br/> ==
-The Feed-in tariff (FIT) is the most effective policy for promoting renewable energy, and thereby creating the fundamental conditions for a green and stable economy. It is a policy with many names, including REPs (Renewable Energy Payments) and ARTs (Advanced Renewable Tariffs).<br/>FITs set a fixed price for purchases of renewable power, usually paying producers a premium rate over the retail rate for each unit of ectricity, or kilowatt-hour (kWh), fed into the grid. FITs usually require power companies to purchase all electricity from eligible producers in their service area at this premium rate, over a long period of time. FITs also often force all electric utilities and transmission operators to connect all possible renewable power providers to the grid, and mandate that the utilities themselves pay the interconnection costs, or at least the grid expansion costs. These costs are then distributed among all electricity consumers, minimizing costs while delivering an ever-growing amount of renewable energy. It may not look like it, but a FIT is a truly revolutionary tool – one that changes the role that governments, power operators, grid operators, transmission and distribution operators, and ordinary consumers currently play when it comes to electricity (see picture). As this book will exhaustively document, regulators<br/>generally differentiate FITs by technology, plant size, location and time to reflect<br/>differing production costs, and there are many other potential design options – not<br/>d ones.<ref name="FIT">Miguel Mendonça, David Jacobs &amp; Benjamin Sovacool, 2012: Powering the green economy : The feed-in tariff handbook.</ref>
+The [[Feed-in_Tariffs_(FIT)|Feed-in tariff (FIT)]] is the most effective policy for promoting renewable energy, and thereby creating the fundamental conditions for a green and stable economy. It is a policy with many names, including REPs (Renewable Energy Payments) and ARTs (Advanced Renewable Tariffs).<br/>FITs set a fixed price for purchases of renewable power, usually paying producers a premium rate over the retail rate for each unit of ectricity, or kilowatt-hour (kWh), fed into the grid. FITs usually require power companies to purchase all electricity from eligible producers in their service area at this premium rate, over a long period of time. FITs also often force all electric utilities and transmission operators to connect all possible renewable power providers to the grid, and mandate that the utilities themselves pay the interconnection costs, or at least the grid expansion costs. These costs are then distributed among all electricity consumers, minimizing costs while delivering an ever-growing amount of renewable energy. It may not look like it, but a FIT is a truly revolutionary tool – one that changes the role that governments, power operators, grid operators, transmission and distribution operators, and ordinary consumers currently play when it comes to electricity (see picture). As this book will exhaustively document, regulators generally differentiate FITs by technology, plant size, location and time to reflect differing production costs, and there are many other potential design options – not<br/>d ones.<ref name="FIT">Miguel Mendonça, David Jacobs &amp; Benjamin Sovacool, 2012: Powering the green economy : The feed-in tariff handbook.</ref>
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 The authors from the [https://dms.gtz.de/livelink-ger/livelink.exe?func=ll&objaction=overview&objid=71535917 FIT Handbook] recommend developing a joint analytical framework for all technologies eligible under the FIT scheme in order to guarantee transparency and comparability.<br/>In the past, regulators (and the consultants and economists they frequently employ) have applied different methodologies for tariff calculations. However, empirical evidence shows that those countries that have based their FITs on the real generation costs plus a small premium, and thus offered sufficient returns on investment, have been most successful. This approach will hence be considered as ‘best practice’.
-<br/>Different names have been used to describe this tariff calculation approach based on actual costs and profitability for producers. The German FIT scheme is based on the notion of ‘cost-covering remuneration’, the Spanish support mechanism speaks of a ‘reasonable rate of return,’ and the French ‘profitability index method’ guarantees ‘fair and sufficient’ profitability. Despite the variety in names and notions, in all cases the legislator sets the tariff level in order to allow for a certain internal rate of return, usually between a 5 and 10 per cent return on investment per year. In some cases the rate will have to be higher as the profitability<br/>of renewable energy projects should be comparable with the expected profit from conventional electricity generation. Only if the profitability of renewable energy generation is similar to or higher than that of nuclear or fossil plants will there be an economic incentive to invest in cleaner forms of energy.<br/>A legislator has several options to determine the tariff.
+<br/>Different names have been used to describe this tariff calculation approach based on actual costs and profitability for producers. The German FIT scheme is based on the notion of ‘cost-covering remuneration’, the Spanish support mechanism speaks of a ‘reasonable rate of return,’ and the French ‘profitability index method’ guarantees ‘fair and sufficient’ profitability. Despite the variety in names and notions, in all cases the legislator sets the tariff level in order to allow for a certain internal rate of return, usually between a 5 and 10 per cent return on investment per year. In some cases the rate will have to be higher as the profitability of renewable energy projects should be comparable with the expected profit from conventional electricity generation. Only if the profitability of renewable energy generation is similar to or higher than that of nuclear or fossil plants will there be an economic incentive to invest in cleaner forms of energy.<br/>A legislator has several options to determine the tariff.
-Cost factors related to renewable electricity generation have to be evaluated. <u></u>
+Cost factors related to renewable electricity generation have to be evaluated.
 <u>The authors of the [https://dms.gtz.de/livelink-ger/livelink.exe?func=ll&objaction=overview&objid=71535917 FIT handbook] recommend basing the calculations on the following criteria:</u>
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-== EEG in Germany<br/> ==
+[http://www.bmu.de/english/renewable_energy/doc/47883.php The Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG)] has a substantial role to play in promoting the operation of biogas plants in Germany.<br/>One of the purposes of the Act, which was most recently amended on 1 January 2009, is to increase the proportion of electricity supplied from renewable energy sources to at least 30% by 2020 in the interests of climate change mitigation and protection of the environment.<br/>Under German EEG the operator of a biogas plant is entitled to connect the plant to the public electricity grid and to feed the power generated at the plant into the grid. Plant operators enjoy privileges over conventional power generators not only in relation to their connection to the grid: they also receive a statutory feed-in tariff for the electricity that they supply to the grid, for a period of 20 years. The level of the [[Feed-in Tariffs (FIT)|tariff]] is determined partly by the size of the plant, the date when it was commissioned and the input materials. The various bonuses provided for under EEG 2009 have a particularly important part to play in calculation of the feed-in tariff.
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 = Further Information<br/> =
 *[http://www.biogaspartner.de/en/actsregulations.html Acts & Regulations in Germany on Biogaspartner.de] [http://www.biogaspartner.de/en/actsregulations/renewable-energy-sources-act.html Renewable Energy Sources Act]
 = References =
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 [[Category:Biogas]]

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 <br/>
 == EEG in Germany<br/> ==
-[http://www.bmu.de/english/renewable_energy/doc/47883.php The Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG)] has a substantial role to play in promoting the operation of biogas plants in Germany.<br/>One of the purposes of the Act, which was most recently amended on 1 January 2009, is to increase the proportion of electricity supplied from renewable energy sources to at least 30% by 2020 in the interests of climate change mitigation and protection of the environment.<br/>Under German EEG the operator of a biogas plant is entitled to connect the plant to the public electricity grid and to feed the power generated at the plant into the grid. Plant operators enjoy privileges over conventional power generators not only in relation to their connection to the grid: they also receive a statutory feed-in tariff for the electricity that they supply to the grid, for a period of 20 years. The level of the [[Feed in Tariffs - Terms of Reference|tariff]] is<br/>determined partly by the size of the plant, the date when it was commissioned and the input materials.<br/>The various bonuses provided for under EEG 2009 have a particularly important part to play in calculation of the feed-in tariff.
+[http://www.bmu.de/english/renewable_energy/doc/47883.php The Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG)] has a substantial role to play in promoting the operation of biogas plants in Germany.<br/>One of the purposes of the Act, which was most recently amended on 1 January 2009, is to increase the proportion of electricity supplied from renewable energy sources to at least 30% by 2020 in the interests of climate change mitigation and protection of the environment.<br/>Under German EEG the operator of a biogas plant is entitled to connect the plant to the public electricity grid and to feed the power generated at the plant into the grid. Plant operators enjoy privileges over conventional power generators not only in relation to their connection to the grid: they also receive a statutory feed-in tariff for the electricity that they supply to the grid, for a period of 20 years. The level of the [[Feed-in_Tariffs_(FIT)|tariff]] is determined partly by the size of the plant, the date when it was commissioned and the input materials. The various bonuses provided for under EEG 2009 have a particularly important part to play in calculation of the feed-in tariff.
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 <u>The bonus system under EEG</u>
-The purpose of the bonuses provided for under EEG is to establish a sophisticated incentive system to ensure the conversion of biomass into electricity in an innovative and efficient way that is climate-friendly and environmentally sound. Particular support is therefore provided for the generation of electricity from renewable resources, such as energy crops. The NawaRo bonus, as it is referred to in German (NawaRo = 'nachwachsende Rohstoffe', or renewable resources), was introduced in 2004. It is sometimes referred to in English as the energy crop bonus. The intention on the part of the legislator was to target support at both the growing of energy crops and the utilisation of manure,<br/>in the interests of climate change mitigation. Several other provisions of EEG also take account of climate change, for example the bonus for operation in [[Checklist_for_the_Construction_of_a_Biogas_Plant|acombined heat and power installation (CHP bonus).]]
+The purpose of the bonuses provided for under EEG is to establish a sophisticated incentive system to ensure the conversion of biomass into electricity in an innovative and efficient way that is climate-friendly and environmentally sound. Particular support is therefore provided for the generation of electricity from renewable resources, such as energy crops. The NawaRo bonus, as it is referred to in German (NawaRo = 'nachwachsende Rohstoffe', or renewable resources), was introduced in 2004. It is sometimes referred to in English as the energy crop bonus. The intention on the part of the legislator was to target support at both the growing of energy crops and the utilisation of manure,<br/>in the interests of climate change mitigation. Several other provisions of EEG also take account of climate change, for example the bonus for operation in [[Checklist for the Construction of a Biogas Plant|acombined heat and power installation (CHP bonus).]]
 According to the latter, a significantly higher tariff is paid to plant operators who put the waste heat arising from power generation to meaningful use and consequently avoid burning fossil fuels, which is associated with CO2 emissions. Innovative technologies<br/>that promise more efficient generation of electricity in the medium or long term but are not yet competitive at the present time are given targeted support through the technology bonus.
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 *[https://dms.gtz.de/livelink-ger/livelink.exe?func=ll&objaction=overview&objid=70695510 How the FIT in Germany is calculated] on an example by DBFZ.
-<u><br/></u>
+<br/>
 <u>The EEG 2012</u>
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 = Further Information =
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 Plant operators are faced with a variety of legal issues relating to both the planning and operation of biogas plants. Before construction of the plant begins, they have to consider legal framwork on numerous levels. International instruments for funding, authorisation of the plant and grid connection. Along with each of these field varies the nature of the contract and the statutory requirements that need to be met.
-When they are first elaborating the plant concept, operators have to weigh up various options against each other: the [[Construction of a biogas plant|design of the plant]], the choice of [[Biogas Basics|feedstocks]], the technology to be employed and the way the heat will be utilised.
+When they are first elaborating the plant concept, operators have to weigh up various options against each other: the design of the plant, the choice of [[Biogas Basics|feedstocks]], the technology to be employed and the way the heat will be utilised.
 Furthermore consideration for the remuneration rates and incentives for reneweable energy utilisation in the specific country have to undertaken.Finally, once the plant is in operation the plant operator must comply with all relevant requirements under public law, operate the plant in line with the provisions of existent incentive measures and provide all the necessary statutory certifications<ref name="Leitfaden">FNR, 2012: Guide to biogas</ref>.
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 = Authorisation<br/> =

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 |}
-The implementation of biogas programmes is also linked to a number of [[Political and Administrative Frame Conditions for Biogas Programmes|political and administrative factors]] that have to be considered.
+The implementation of biogas programmes is also linked to a number of political and administrative factors that have to be considered.
 <br/>
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 Plant operators are faced with a variety of legal issues relating to both the planning and operation of biogas plants. Before construction of the plant begins, they have to consider legal framwork on numerous levels. International instruments for funding, authorisation of the plant and grid connection. Along with each of these field varies the nature of the contract and the statutory requirements that need to be met.
-When they are first elaborating the plant concept, operators have to weigh up various options against each other: the [[Construction of a biogas plant|design of the
+When they are first elaborating the plant concept, operators have to weigh up various options against each other: the [[Construction of a biogas plant|design of the plant]], the choice of [[Biogas Basics|feedstocks]], the technology to be employed and the way the heat will be utilised.
 Furthermore consideration for the remuneration rates and incentives for reneweable energy utilisation in the specific country have to undertaken.Finally, once the plant is in operation the plant operator must comply with all relevant requirements under public law, operate the plant in line with the provisions of existent incentive measures and provide all the necessary statutory certifications<ref name="Leitfaden">FNR, 2012: Guide to biogas</ref>.
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 = Authorisation<br/> =
 The process of authorization of a biogas plant has to be conform with a variety of laws and decrees, specific for each country.
 In Germany these regulations comprise law on planning and construction, laws on emission reduction, laws pertaining to water, waterways, environmental protection, waste management etc.
 It is adviseable to ask the help of experts when it come to the authorisational planning of a biogas plant.<ref name="Leitfaden">FNR, 2012: Guide to Biogas.</ref>
 Authorizational planning should be considered as a major component of planning a biogas plant.
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 = Incentives for Biogas Utilization<br/> =
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 = Incentives for Biogas Utilization<br/> =
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