Agriculture Sector in Mozambique - Revision history

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Ranisha: /* Climate and Soil Pattern */

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Climate and Soil Pattern

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Climate and Soil Pattern

Ranisha at 17:42, 15 October 2021

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Agnes Ferretto: Created page with "=== Introduction === Mozambique is an agricultural country with over 70 % of the population dependent on agriculture for their livelihood in 2019‘Employment in Agricu..."

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Created page with "=== Introduction === Mozambique is an agricultural country with over 70 % of the population dependent on agriculture for their livelihood in 2019<ref>‘Employment in Agricu..."

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=== Introduction ===

Mozambique is an agricultural country with over 70 % of the population dependent on agriculture for their livelihood in 2019<ref>‘Employment in Agriculture (% of Total Employment) (Modeled ILO Estimate) - Mozambique | Data’, accessed 27 May 2021, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=MZ.</ref>. Agriculture is also the second largest contributor to the national GDP after the service industry. In 2019, it accounted for 24% of the GDP<ref>‘Mozambique - GDP Distribution across Economic Sectors 2009-2019’, Statista, accessed 27 May 2021, https://www.statista.com/statistics/507266/mozambique-gdp-distribution-across-economic-sectors/.</ref>. In general, there has been a decline in agricultural labour force from 82% in 2000 to 70% in 2019 but the percentage is still significantly high. The agricultural sector is also gendered with women accounting for the majority of the labour force. In 2019, the sector employed 80% of female labour force .

@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 [[File:Livelihood zones in Mozambique.png|thumb|586x586px|Figure 2: Livelihood zones map of Mozambique<ref>FEWS NET, ‘Mozambique - Seasonal Calendar’, 2013, https://fews.net/southern-africa/mozambique/seasonal-calendar/december-2013.</ref>.|alt=]]
-<small>Zone 1: Lakeshore Basic Staples and Fishing</small>
+Zone 1: Lakeshore Basic Staples and Fishing
-−
-<small>Zone 2: Northern Highland Forest and Tourism</small>
+Zone 2: Northern Highland Forest and Tourism
-−
-<small>Zone 3: Northwestern Tobacco and Maize</small>
+Zone 3: Northwestern Tobacco and Maize
-−
-<small>Zone 4: Northern Cassava, Maize and Forest</small>
+Zone 4: Northern Cassava, Maize and Forest
-−
-<small>Zone 5: Northern Highland and Mixed Cropping</small>
+Zone 5: Northern Highland and Mixed Cropping
-−
-<small>Zone 6: Northern Highland Forest</small>
+Zone 6: Northern Highland Forest
-−
-<small>Zone 7: Northeastern Cassava, Cashew and Cononut</small>
+Zone 7: Northeastern Cassava, Cashew and Cononut
-−
-<small>Zone 8: North-central Coastal Fishing</small>
+Zone 8: North-central Coastal Fishing
-−
-<small>Zone 9: Plains with Cassava, Rice, and Fishing</small>
+Zone 9: Plains with Cassava, Rice, and Fishing
-−
-<small>Zone 10: Zambezi Valley with Maize and Fishing</small>
+Zone 10: Zambezi Valley with Maize and Fishing
-−
-<small>Zone 11: Northwestern Cropping and Cross-Border Trade</small>
+Zone 11: Northwestern Cropping and Cross-Border Trade
-−
-<small>Zone 12: Coastal Sugarcane and Fishing</small>
+Zone 12: Coastal Sugarcane and Fishing
-−
-<small>Zone 13: Tete Highland Mixed Cropping , Tobacco and Cotton</small>
+Zone 13: Tete Highland Mixed Cropping , Tobacco and Cotton
-−
-<small>Zone 14: Cahora Bassa Dam Seame and Cotton</small>
+Zone 14: Cahora Bassa Dam Seame and Cotton
-−
-<small>Zone 15: Central Semiarid Cotton and Minerals</small>
+Zone 15: Central Semiarid Cotton and Minerals
-−
-<small>Zone 16: Manica Highland Mixed Cropping, Cotton and Tobacco</small>
+Zone 16: Manica Highland Mixed Cropping, Cotton and Tobacco
-−
-<small>Zone 17: Central Manica and Sofala Mixed Cropping</small>
+Zone 17: Central Manica and Sofala Mixed Cropping
-−
-<small>Zone 18: Cheringoma and Muanza Maize and Cassva</small>
+Zone 18: Cheringoma and Muanza Maize and Cassva
-−
-<small>Zone 19: Semiarid Pineapple and Cashew</small>
+Zone 19: Semiarid Pineapple and Cashew
-−
-<small>Zone 20: Southern Coastal Cassava, Coconut and Fishing</small>
+Zone 20: Southern Coastal Cassava, Coconut and Fishing
-−
-<small>Zone 21: Southern Intermediate Mixed Cropping</small>
+Zone 21: Southern Intermediate Mixed Cropping
-−
-<small>Zone 22: Southern Semiarid Cereals and Cattle</small>
+Zone 22: Southern Semiarid Cereals and Cattle
-−
-<small>Zone 23: Southearn Rice</small>
+Zone 23: Southearn Rice
-−
-<small>Zone 24: Limpopo and Elephant Rivers Mixed Cropping</small>
+Zone 24: Limpopo and Elephant Rivers Mixed Cropping
-−
-<small>Zone 25: Southern Coastal Fishing, Cassava and Maize</small>
+Zone 25: Southern Coastal Fishing, Cassava and Maize
-−
-<small>Zone 26: Southern Highland Cattle and Mixed Cropping</small>
+Zone 26: Southern Highland Cattle and Mixed Cropping
 In general, Mozambique has two distinct climate patten which affect the type and quantity of agricultural production. The northern and central region has tropical and sub-tropical climate while the southern region has arid and semi-arid climate<ref name=":1" />. Thus, the central region enjoys a two-plantation season due to higher precipitation while the southern region generally has single plantation season as shown in Figure 3.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Back to Mozambique Portal}}
 === Introduction ===
 Mozambique is an agricultural country with over 70 % of the population dependent on agriculture for their livelihood in 2019<ref name=":0">‘Employment in Agriculture (% of Total Employment) (Modeled ILO Estimate) - Mozambique | Data’, accessed 27 May 2021, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=MZ.</ref>. Agriculture is also the second largest contributor to the national GDP after the service industry. In 2019, it accounted for 24% of the GDP<ref>‘Mozambique - GDP Distribution across Economic Sectors 2009-2019’, Statista, accessed 27 May 2021, https://www.statista.com/statistics/507266/mozambique-gdp-distribution-across-economic-sectors/.</ref>. In general, there has been a decline in agricultural labour force from 82% in 2000 to 70% in 2019 but the percentage is still significantly high<ref name=":0" /> The agricultural sector is also gendered with women accounting for the majority of the labour force. In 2019, the sector employed 80% of female labour force<ref name=":0" />.

@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 <small>Zone 26: Southern Highland Cattle and Mixed Cropping</small>
-In general, Mozambique has two distinct climate patten which affect the type and quantity of agricultural production. The northern and central region has tropical and sub-tropical climate while the southern region has arid and semi-arid climate<ref name=":1" />. Thus, the central region enjoys a two-plantation season due to higher precipitation while the southern region generally has single plantation season as shown in Figure 2.
+In general, Mozambique has two distinct climate patten which affect the type and quantity of agricultural production. The northern and central region has tropical and sub-tropical climate while the southern region has arid and semi-arid climate<ref name=":1" />. Thus, the central region enjoys a two-plantation season due to higher precipitation while the southern region generally has single plantation season as shown in Figure 3.
 In terms of soil, the northern and central province generally have fertile soil while the south has sandy soil. The Zambezi delta in particularly has high rich alluvial soils. In southern province, the river basins of Save, Limpopo, Incomáti, Umbelúzi, and Maputo do have small pockets of alluvial soils<ref>‘Mozambique - Drainage’, Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed 3 May 2021, https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique.</ref>. For details about the soil type in different AEZ, refer to Table 1 above.
 === Land Use ===
@@ Line 137: / Line 136: @@
 === Land Holdings ===
-The Mozambican agricultural sector is dominated by 3.2 million smallholder farmers who produce 95% of the agricultural production<ref name=":4">‘Mozambique at a Glance | FAO in Mozambique | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations’, accessed 27 May 2021, http://www.fao.org/mozambique/fao-in-mozambique/mozambique-at-a-glance/en/.</ref>. On average, the farm size ranges from 1-2 hectors for smallholder farmers and are mostly concentrated in the Zambezi Province (central region)<ref name=":1" />. The smallholder farmers are categorised by low agricultural productivity and are mostly rainfed and subsistence farming. Thus, technologies such as solar powered irrigation have the potential to increase agricultural productivity and contribute to economic development as well as increase smallholder farmers resilience to climate change related disasters such as droughts. For more info on the potential of solar irrigation in Mozambique, please refer to '''this chapter'''.
+The Mozambican agricultural sector is dominated by 3.2 million smallholder farmers who produce 95% of the agricultural production<ref name=":4">‘Mozambique at a Glance | FAO in Mozambique | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations’, accessed 27 May 2021, http://www.fao.org/mozambique/fao-in-mozambique/mozambique-at-a-glance/en/.</ref>. On average, the farm size ranges from 1-2 hectors for smallholder farmers and are mostly concentrated in the Zambezi Province (central region)<ref name=":1" />. The smallholder farmers are categorised by low agricultural productivity and are mostly rainfed and subsistence farming. Thus, technologies such as solar powered irrigation have the potential to increase agricultural productivity and contribute to economic development as well as increase smallholder farmers resilience to climate change related disasters such as droughts.
 There main crops grown by smallholder farmers are<ref>USAID, ‘Property Rights and Resource Governance Country Profile: Mozambique’, 2018, https://land-links.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/USAID-Land-Tenure-Mozambique-Profile-FINAL.pdf.</ref>:
-* <span class="s3">publication</span>Staple food crops such as maize, cassava, rice and pigeon peas for mainly household consumption
+* Staple food crops such as maize, cassava, rice and pigeon peas for mainly household consumption
-* <span class="s3">publication</span>Cash crops such as cotton tobacco, oil seeds and tea.
+* <span class="s3">C</span>ash crops such as cotton tobacco, oil seeds and tea.
-* <span class="s3">publication</span>Tree crops such as cashew and coconut in mostly coast areas.
+* Tree crops such as cashew and coconut in mostly coast areas.
-For a detailed overview of which crops is produced in which region, please refer to this publication.
+For a detailed overview of which crops is produced in which region, please refer to [https://fews.net/sites/default/files/documents/reports/MZ%20LHdescriptions%20August%202013%20en3.pdf this publication].
 Mozambique also has limited commercial farming with only around 400 commercial farmers in the country. They account for the remaining 5% of the agricultural production<ref name=":4" />. They grow export crops such as cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane,  tobacco and tea. The commercial farmers have access to irrigation and are mostly in the southern part of the country.<ref>FAO, ‘Country Profile - Mozambique’, 2016, http://www.fao.org/3/i9805en/I9805EN.pdf.</ref>
 === Agricultural - Imports and Exports ===
-The top six imported agricultural products in Mozambique in 2019 include: rice, wheat, palm oil, sugar and maize (see figure below).<ref name=":5">‘FAOSTAT: Commodities by Country’, 2021, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#rankings/commodities_by_country_imports.</ref>
+The top six imported agricultural products in Mozambique in 2019 include: rice, wheat, palm oil, sugar and maize.<ref name=":5">‘FAOSTAT: Commodities by Country’, 2021, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#rankings/commodities_by_country_imports.</ref>
 The top six exported agricultural product in 2019 are cheroots, sugar, beans, bananas and tobacco.<ref name=":5" />
 === Land Laws and Policies ===
-For a list of all policies, legislations and decrees related to land use, water use and agriculture in Mozambique, please refer to the FAO database.
+For a list of all policies, legislations and decrees related to land use, water use and agriculture in Mozambique, please refer to the [http://www.fao.org/faolex/country-profiles/general-profile/en/?iso3=MOZ FAO database].
 This section outlines some of the important legislations:
-'''Mozambique's Land Law (1997):''' All land in Mozambique is State-owned. Individuals, communities, corporate entities and foreigners have the right to use the land if they hold customary rights to the land; have been using the land for over ten years; or have a legal authorisation to use the land. The land tenure differs from one entity to another<ref>Jurisafrica, ‘Translation_of_Land_Act_of_1997’, 1997, https://jurisafrica.org/docs/statutes/Translation_of_Land_Act_of_1997.pdf.</ref>.
+'''[https://jurisafrica.org/docs/statutes/Translation_of_Land_Act_of_1997.pdf Mozambique's Land Law (1997)]:''' All land in Mozambique is State-owned. Individuals, communities, corporate entities and foreigners have the right to use the land if they hold customary rights to the land; have been using the land for over ten years; or have a legal authorisation to use the land. The land tenure differs from one entity to another<ref>Jurisafrica, ‘Translation_of_Land_Act_of_1997’, 1997, https://jurisafrica.org/docs/statutes/Translation_of_Land_Act_of_1997.pdf.</ref>.
 This law allows the use of land without formal documentation. The law was initially drafted to protect the rights of smallholder famers and at the same time increase private investment. However, in practice, the smallholder’s farmers are vulnerable and are not able to defend their land rights against private sector who have more resources.<ref>LandLinks, ‘Mozambique’, ''LandLinks'' (blog), 2018, https://land-links.org/country-profile/mozambique/.</ref>
-Resolução n. 42/2016 - Aprova a Política de Águas, em anexo, que é parte integrante da presente Resolução:  This National Water Policy includes guidelines for water resource management and use in Mozambique as well as private sector participation.<ref name=":6">FAO, ‘FAOLEX Database - Mozambique’, 2021, http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC117331/#.</ref>
+[http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC184683 '''Resolução n. 42/2016 - Aprova a Política de Águas, em anexo, que é parte integrante da presente Resolução''']:  This National Water Policy includes guidelines for water resource management and use in Mozambique as well as private sector participation.<ref name=":6">FAO, ‘FAOLEX Database - Mozambique’, 2021, http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC117331/#.</ref>
-Resolution No. 60/98 establishing tariffs for water uses: This policy sets the tariffs for different water uses such as domestic use and irrigation. Water usage for domestic needs as well as for livestocks and small-scale irrigation (without any mechanical structure) is free.<ref name=":6" />.
+[http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/fr/c/LEX-FAOC020469/ '''Resolution No. 60/98 establishing tariffs for water uses''']: This policy sets the tariffs for different water uses such as domestic use and irrigation. Water usage for domestic needs as well as for livestocks and small-scale irrigation (without any mechanical structure) is free.<ref name=":6" />.
 === Further Reading ===
-* <span class="s1">‘Employment in Agriculture (% of Total Employment) (Modeled ILO Estimate) - Mozambique | Data’.</span>Climate-Smart Agriculture in Mozambique: <nowiki>https://climateknowledgeportal.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/CSA-in-Mozambique.pdf</nowiki>
+* [[Mozambique Off-grid Knowledge Hub]]
-* <span class="s4"><sup></sup></span>FAO (2016): Country Profile – Mozambique: <nowiki>http://www.fao.org/3/i9805en/I9805EN.pdf</nowiki>
+* Climate-Smart Agriculture in Mozambique: https://climateknowledgeportal.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/CSA-in-Mozambique.pdf
 === References ===

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 === Climate and Soil Pattern ===
 Mozambique has ten agro-ecological zones (AEZs) which are based on topography, rainfall and soil criteria. The classification was done by the National Institute of Agronomic Research (INIA) and is shown in figure 1<ref name=":1">CIAT and World Bank, ‘Climate-Smart Agriculture in Mozambique’, 2017, https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/CSA-in-Mozambique.pdf.</ref>.
-[[File:Agroecological zones in Mozambique2.jpg|thumb]]
+[[File:Agroecological zones in Mozambique2.jpg|thumb|alt=|Figure 1: Map of Mozambique showing the ten agroecological zones<ref name=":2">T Walker et al., ‘Priority Setting for Public-Sector Agricultural Research in Mozambique with the National Agricultural Survey Data’, 2006, https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/56113/files/rr_3E.pdf.</ref>]]
 Table: Agroecological Zones in Mozambique<ref name=":2" />
@@ Line 55: / Line 54: @@
 |>1200
 |}
-Mozambique is also divided into 26 livelihood zones (''geographical areas of a country where people share similar food and income options as well as have similar access to markets'')<ref name=":1" /> . For details about each livelihood zone, main crops grown and access to markets please refer to this publication.
+Mozambique is also divided into 26 livelihood zones (''geographical areas of a country where people share similar food and income options as well as have similar access to markets'')<ref name=":1" /> . For details about each livelihood zone, main crops grown and access to markets please refer to this publication: '''[https://fews.net/sites/default/files/documents/reports/MZ%20LHdescriptions%20August%202013%20en3.pdf Mozambique Livelihood Zone Descriptions]'''. Figure 2 shows the different livelihood zones.
-[[File:Livelihood zones in Mozambique.png|thumb|586x586px|Livelihood zones in Mozambique]]
+[[File:Livelihood zones in Mozambique.png|thumb|586x586px|Figure 2: Livelihood zones map of Mozambique<ref>FEWS NET, ‘Mozambique - Seasonal Calendar’, 2013, https://fews.net/southern-africa/mozambique/seasonal-calendar/december-2013.</ref>.|alt=]]
 <small>Zone 1: Lakeshore Basic Staples and Fishing</small>
@@ Line 109: / Line 108: @@
 <small>Zone 26: Southern Highland Cattle and Mixed Cropping</small>
 In general, Mozambique has two distinct climate patten which affect the type and quantity of agricultural production. The northern and central region has tropical and sub-tropical climate while the southern region has arid and semi-arid climate<ref name=":1" />. Thus, the central region enjoys a two-plantation season due to higher precipitation while the southern region generally has single plantation season as shown in Figure 2.

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 === Climate and Soil Pattern ===
 Mozambique has ten agro-ecological zones (AEZs) which are based on topography, rainfall and soil criteria. The classification was done by the National Institute of Agronomic Research (INIA) and is shown in figure 1<ref name=":1">CIAT and World Bank, ‘Climate-Smart Agriculture in Mozambique’, 2017, https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/CSA-in-Mozambique.pdf.</ref>.
 Figure: Map of Mozambique showing the ten agroecological zones<ref name=":2">T Walker et al., ‘Priority Setting for Public-Sector Agricultural Research in Mozambique with the National Agricultural Survey Data’, 2006, https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/56113/files/rr_3E.pdf.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:42, 15 October 2021
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		+	{{Back to Mozambique Portal}}
	=== Introduction ===		=== Introduction ===
	Mozambique is an agricultural country with over 70 % of the population dependent on agriculture for their livelihood in 2019<ref name=":0">‘Employment in Agriculture (% of Total Employment) (Modeled ILO Estimate) - Mozambique \| Data’, accessed 27 May 2021, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=MZ.</ref>. Agriculture is also the second largest contributor to the national GDP after the service industry. In 2019, it accounted for 24% of the GDP<ref>‘Mozambique - GDP Distribution across Economic Sectors 2009-2019’, Statista, accessed 27 May 2021, https://www.statista.com/statistics/507266/mozambique-gdp-distribution-across-economic-sectors/.</ref>. In general, there has been a decline in agricultural labour force from 82% in 2000 to 70% in 2019 but the percentage is still significantly high<ref name=":0" /> The agricultural sector is also gendered with women accounting for the majority of the labour force. In 2019, the sector employed 80% of female labour force<ref name=":0" />.		Mozambique is an agricultural country with over 70 % of the population dependent on agriculture for their livelihood in 2019<ref name=":0">‘Employment in Agriculture (% of Total Employment) (Modeled ILO Estimate) - Mozambique \| Data’, accessed 27 May 2021, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=MZ.</ref>. Agriculture is also the second largest contributor to the national GDP after the service industry. In 2019, it accounted for 24% of the GDP<ref>‘Mozambique - GDP Distribution across Economic Sectors 2009-2019’, Statista, accessed 27 May 2021, https://www.statista.com/statistics/507266/mozambique-gdp-distribution-across-economic-sectors/.</ref>. In general, there has been a decline in agricultural labour force from 82% in 2000 to 70% in 2019 but the percentage is still significantly high<ref name=":0" /> The agricultural sector is also gendered with women accounting for the majority of the labour force. In 2019, the sector employed 80% of female labour force<ref name=":0" />.