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[null,"Read Me Sheet"]
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[null,"Toolbox on Solar Powered Irrigation Systems (SPIS)"]
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[null,null,"Introduction"]
[null,"MAINTAIN – Water Application Uniformity Guide"]
[null,"This calculation tool allows for assessment whether irrigation water is uniformly supplied across the crop area under irrigation."]
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[null,null,"Overview"]
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[null,"This tool comprises the following sheets:"]
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[null,null,"1. Instructions",null,"read first, before attempting the uniformitay test"]
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[null,null,"2. Calculation Tool",null,"for entering measured values for automatic calculation of results"]
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[null,null,"Tips & Tricks"]
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[null,"This tool is in a calculation format and can be completed by simply entering values into corresponding cells."]
[null,"Enter values into white (non-colored) cells only!"]
[null,"This tool contains minimal critical formulas or calculations."]
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[null,null,"About"]
[null,null,"Published by: GIZ & FAO"]
[null,null,"Responsible: GIZ project Sustainable Energy for Food - Powering Agriculture"]
[null,null,"Contact: Powering.Agriculture@giz.de"]
[null,null,"Download link: https://energypedia.info/wiki/Toolbox_on_SPIS"]
[null,null,"About: Powering Agriculture: An Energy Grand Challenge for Development: https://poweringag.org"]
[null,null,"Version: 1.0 (January 2017)"]
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[null,null,"The Toolbox on Solar Powered Irrigation Systems is made possible through the global initiative Powering Agriculture: An Energy Grand Challenge for Development (PAEGC). In 2012, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Duke Energy, and the Overseas Private Investment Cooperation (OPIC) combined resources to create the PAEGC initiative. The objective of PAEGC is to support new and sustainable approaches to accelerate the development and deployment of clean energy solutions for increasing agriculture productivity and/or value for farmers and agribusinesses in developing countries and emerging regions that lack access to reliable, affordable clean energy."]
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[null,null,"The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations (FAO), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH or any of the PAEGC Founding Partners concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO, GIZ, or any of the PAEGC Founding Partners in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO, GIZ, or any of the PAEGC Founding Partners."]
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[null,null,"FAO, GIZ and the PAEGC Founding Partners encourage the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO and GIZ as the source and copyright holder is given."]
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[null,null,"© GIZ and FAO, 2017"]

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["MAINTAIN – Water Application Uniformity Guide"]
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[null,"Instructions"]
[null,"Please note that this method can also be used for sprinkler systems. The following aspects should be considered. "]
[null,"·         The catch cans should be laid between two lateral lines, perpendicular to the direction of the lateral movement and spaced uniformly between the sprinklers"]
[null,"·         Do not perform measurements under windy conditions"]
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[null,"Background"]
[null,"It is important that approximately the same amount of water is applied to all the plants in the irrigated area. If irrigation water is not uniformly applied, some areas will get too much water and others will get too little. As a result, plant growth will also be non-uniform, and water will be wasted where too much is applied. High discharge can lead to runoff or excessive leaching of nutrients and reductions in yields. Uniformity is especially important when the irrigation system is used to apply (expensive) chemicals along with the irrigation water (=chemigation/fertigation) because the chemicals will only be applied as uniformly as the irrigation water. A system that has good uniformity can be operated and scheduled to perform much better than a system with poor uniformity. Therefore it is important to do a regular check of the uniformity of water application in an irrigation system."]
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[null,"The uniformity of water application from a drip/micro irrigation system is affected both by: "]
[null,"·         the water pressure distribution in the pipe network and "]
[null,"·         the hydraulic properties of the emitters used. The emitter hydraulic properties include the effects of emitter design, water quality, water temperature, and other factors on emitter flow rate. Factors such as emitter plugging and wear of emitter components will affect water distribution as emitters age."]
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[null,"Distribution uniformity (DU) is a measurement of the evenness of water application across a field, and is expressed as a percentage. Although 100% DU is theoretically possible, it is virtually impossible to achieve with an irrigation system in the field. The goal is to obtain at least 80% DU. "]
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[null,"The irrigation system uniformity is determined by conducting a field uniformity test. This uniformity can be determined by measuring emitter flow rates. To measure emitter flow rates, use a graduated cylinder to measure the volume collected for a given time."]
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[null,"Equipment Requirement"]
[null,"·         At least 12 catch cans of identical size and shape with an opening of at least 10cm and a volume of 0,5 liter (Measurements should be made at a minimum of 12 points located throughout each irrigated zone. More may be required for greater accuracy. ) "]
[null,"·         Graduated measuring cup (up to 1 liter)"]
[null,"·         Stopwatch"]
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[null,"Procedure "]
[null,"Before beginning this test, observe the irrigation system in operation and note obvious operating and equipment problems such as leaks, etc. Problems should be fixed before uniformity testing begins unless wanting to document the affect of the deficiency."]
[null,"Steps for drip systems:"]
[null,"1.    Make sure the drip irrigation system is functioning under normal conditions"]
[null,"2.    Determine where you want to measure the discharge and dig small holes so that the catch cans fit under the drip line. Care should be taken to distribute the measurement points throughout the irrigated zone. Some points should be located near the inlet, some near the center, and some at the distant end. Please check that the drops fall into the cups and water does not run off from the side."]
[null,"3.    Make a sketch of the irrigation system clearly indicating where you put the catch cans. Determine a route that one person will walk to pass by all the catch can locations. Number all the locations on the map. "]
[null,"4.    Set the timer to 10 minutes."]
[null,"5.    Place the catch cans in the hole you just dug under the emitter. One person does this one by one according to the route determined in the sketch."]
[null,"6.    After the 10 minutes are over the person takes the catch cans away from under the drip lines according to the same route that he/she put them there. Ideally at the same speed as they were put under the drip lines."]
[null,"7.    Record the depth of water in each of the cans with the graduated measuring cup (see form on next page). It is best if another person measures the water amounts."]
[null,"8.    Rank the volumes collected from the lowest to the highest (see form on next page)."]
[null,"9.    Multiply the total number of cans by 25% to give the number of cans in the lowest 25% quartile. In this case we use 12 catch cans, so the lowest quartile would be 3 cans."]
[null,"10.  Write the depth of the lowest 25% of the catch can readings in the Lowest Quartile column."]
[null,"11.  Take the average of all the catch can readings (=Average Catch Overall)."]
[null,"12.  Take the average of the lowest 25% of the catch can readings (=Average LQ)."]
[null,"13.  Calculate the distribution uniformity using the following equation:"]
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[null,"Where: "]
[null,"DU= Distribution Uniformity (%)"]
[null,"LQ= Average catch can reading for the lowest 25% quartile (mm)"]
[null,"Average Catch Overall= average of all catch can readings."]
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[null,"Conclusion"]
[null,"If the distribution uniformity is lower than 80%;"]
[null,"·         Check for obvious faults in the system (leaks, blockages) or signs of poor maintenance."]
[null,"·         Perform the test once more using 24 catch cans once system improvements have been made."]
[null,"·         If the system still performs poorly:"]
[null,"o   Perform a more detailed assessment (revert to more detailed methods than this simplified method)."]
[null,"o   Do not use the system for fertigation."]
[null,"o   Scrutinize the design."]

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["MAINTAIN – Water Application Uniformity Guide"]
["Enter values into white (non-colored) cells!"]
["Farm name:"]
["SPIS supplier name:"]
["SPIS installer name:"]
["Measurement date:"]
[null,"Water depth (mm)","Ranking ","Lowest Quartile (mm)"]
["Catch can number",null,"1 is smallest amount, \n12 is highest amount","Only transfer the first 3 smallest amounts here"]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
["Total=",{"$f":"SUM(B9:B20)","v":0},null,{"$f":"SUM(D9:D20)","v":0}]
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["Average Catch Overall=",null,"Average Lowest Quartile="]
[null,{"$f":"B21/A20","v":0},null,{"$f":"D21/3","v":0}]
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["DU=",{"$f":"100*D24/B24","v":{"$error":"#DIV/0!"}},"If >80% then OK"]