energypedia - Recent changes [en]

Solar Panels And Battery Package

Ashok Kumar Ecolekh — Tue, 25 Aug 2026 19:18:26 GMT

Batteries

Ashok Kumar Ecolekh — Tue, 25 Aug 2026 19:14:28 GMT

Mini-Grids and Rural Energy Access: Evidence from Developing Countries

Lisafeldmann — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 13:30:09 GMT

Digitalisation and Artificial Intelligence in Power Systems

Lisafeldmann — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 13:23:42 GMT

Power System Flexibility in the Energy Transition

Lisafeldmann — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 13:07:21 GMT

IC- International Technical Advisor – Renewable Energy and Minigrids

Lisafeldmann — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 12:29:05 GMT

Manager:in Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (m/w/d)

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 12:17:10 GMT

Created page with "{{Job offers |Job title=Manager:in Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (m/w/d) |Organisation=Agora Energiewende |City=Berlin |Country=Germany |Region=Europe and Central Asia |T..."

New page

{{Job offers
|Job title=Manager:in Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (m/w/d)
|Organisation=Agora Energiewende
|City=Berlin
|Country=Germany
|Region=Europe and Central Asia
|Type of job=temporary contract
|Sector=Other
|Application deadline=2026/09/06
|URL=https://www.agora-energiewende.de/ueber-uns/ihre-karriere-bei-agora-energiewende/jobs/2751559
|Language of description=English
|Job description=Manager:in Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (m/w/d)
in Voll- oder Teilzeit (min. 32 Stunden pro Woche, in Berlin)

In dieser Funktion sind Sie Teil unseres 18-köpfigen Deutschlandteams und arbeiten eng mit der Leiterin Kommunikation zusammen.

Die Aufgaben:

*Management der Kommunikation und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit der Deutschlandarbeit von Agora Energiewende und Agora Industrie in enger Zusammenarbeit mit den Projektteams und der Kommunikationsleitung;
*Koordination der Öffentlichkeitsarbeit – vom Projektstart bis zur Veröffentlichung, sowie von Medienanfragen und Beratung der Projektleitung;
*Begleitung von Veröffentlichungen mit Blick auf die Erstellung von Kernbotschaften sowie Vorbereitung und Versand von Presseunterlagen;
*Unterstützung von Mitarbeiter:innen bei Gastbeiträgen und Social Media Posts;
*Aufbau und Pflege von relevanten Pressekontakten, sowie Beantwortung von Medienanfragen in Zusammenarbeit mit den zuständigen Mitarbeiter:innen;
*Monitoring der Berichterstattung und Erstellung eines Medienspiegels;
*Weiterentwicklung und Ausbau von Kommunikationsformaten;
*Zusammenarbeit mit (internen und externen) Dienstleistern für Grafik/Design;
*Unterstützung des Projektteams bei der Stakeholderarbeit (Zielgruppenspezifische Mailings, Vorbereitung von Stakeholdertreffen etc.);
*Laufende Beobachtung von energie- und klimapolitischen Entwicklungen, insbesondere in der deutschen und europäischen Medienlandschaft, sowie Identifikation von Kommunikationsanlässen.

Wir erwarten

*Mind. 4 Jahre, nachgewiesene Erfahrung im Bereich Öffentlichkeitsarbeit oder als Journalist:in mit guten Kenntnissen der deutschen Medienlandschaft;
*Verständnis für die Rolle eines wissenschaftsbasierten Thinktanks;
*Nachgewiesene Fähigkeiten, technisch komplexe Themen in leicht verständliche und aussagekräftige Botschaften zu übersetzen;
*Vorzugsweise ein solides Verständnis der nationalen und europäischen Energie-, Klima- und/oder Industriepolitik sowie relevante Medienkontakte;
*politisches Bewusstsein mit starkem Interesse daran, die Klimaneutralität voranzubringen;
*Selbstbewusstes Auftreten mit der Bereitschaft, proaktiv und unabhängig an verschiedenen Aufgaben und Themen parallel zu arbeiten;
*Ausgeprägte organisatorische Fähigkeiten mit Verständnis für Projektkoordination;
*Erfahrung im Umgang mit verschiedenen Social Media Plattformen und CMS (bspw. Typo 3);
*Sehr gutes schriftliches Ausdrucksvermögen;
*Sehr sicheres Beherrschen der deutschen Sprache auf muttersprachlichem Niveau, sowie sehr sicheres Beherrschen der englischen Sprache in Wort und Schrift.

Wir bieten

*Die Chance, in diesem strategisch wichtigen Themenbereich, in einem engagierten Team an einer wesentlichen Zukunftsaufgabe mitzuwirken;
*Ein vielfältiges und internationales Arbeitsumfeld in einer kooperativen Arbeitsatmosphäre mit flachen Kommunikations- und Entscheidungsstrukturen;
*Einen attraktiven Arbeitsplatz im Zentrum von Berlin mit Teamevents und anderen gemeinsamen Aktivitäten mit Kolleg: innen;
*Möglichkeiten zur beruflichen und persönlichen Weiterentwicklung und Förderung, einschließlich Zugang zu einer Plattform für psychisches Wohlbefinden;
*Eine Option aus unserem Benefits-Basket (z. B. Jobticket, Einkaufsgutscheine, Urban Sports);
*Die Möglichkeit zum hybriden Arbeiten mit guter digitaler Ausstattung;
*Ein umfassendes Onboarding-Programm;
*29 Urlaubstage pro Jahr (5-Tage-Woche) sowie frei am 24. und 31. Dezember;
*Einen zunächst auf zwei Jahre befristeten Arbeitsvertrag.
}}

Publication - Powering climate resilience in Francophone West Africa: The role of decentralised renewable energy in supporting essential services

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 09:24:22 GMT

Created page with "{{Pub Database |Pub Title=Powering climate resilience in Francophone West Africa: The role of decentralised renewable energy in supporting essential services |Pub Organization..."

New page

{{Pub Database
|Pub Title=Powering climate resilience in Francophone West Africa: The role of decentralised renewable energy in supporting essential services
|Pub Organization=IRENA
|Pub Author=IRENA
|Pub Month=July
|Pub Year=2026
|Pub Abstract=Francophone West Africa faces a dual challenge of rising climate risks and persistent gaps in electricity access and service quality. As climate hazards intensify, the ability of essential services such as healthcare, water supply and food systems to function reliably becomes increasingly critical to resilience.

This report examines the role of decentralised renewable energy (DRE) in supporting climate adaptation, moving beyond traditional access metrics to assess whether electricity systems deliver sufficient capacity, availability and reliability to sustain key services under climate stress. Using the Multi-Tier Framework for energy access, the analysis links electricity service levels to real-world adaptation outcomes.

The findings highlight a critical gap between system deployment and service delivery, and propose practical actions to align planning, financing, and monitoring with resilience objectives. By shifting focus from connections to service performance, the report outlines a pathway to strengthen climate resilience across vulnerable communities in the region.
|Pub Download=https://www.irena.org/Publications/2026/Jul/Powering-climate-resilience-in-Francophone-West-Afric
|Pub Newsletter=No
|GBE filter=No
|Pub PIE=No
|Pub Tag Climate=Climate Change
|Pub Tag Energy=Energy Access
|Pub Tag Renewable=Renewable Energy
|Pub Tag Other=Other
}}

Publication - End-of-life Management for a Circular Economy: Solar PV Panels

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 09:22:50 GMT

Created page with "{{Pub Database |Pub Title=End-of-life Management for a Circular Economy: Solar PV Panels |Pub Organization=IRENA |Pub Author=IRENA |Pub Month=July |Pub Year=2026 |Pub Abstract..."

New page

{{Pub Database
|Pub Title=End-of-life Management for a Circular Economy: Solar PV Panels
|Pub Organization=IRENA
|Pub Author=IRENA
|Pub Month=July
|Pub Year=2026
|Pub Abstract=The energy transition has accelerated the deployment of solar PV panels, which have a lifecycle of around 30 years, raising concerns about their end-of-life management. The annual volume of end-of-life solar PV panels globally is projected to exceed 3 million tonnes by 2035, increasing to over 25 million tonnes by 2050. Adopting a circular economy for end-of-life solar PV panels can prevent future waste streams and associated environmental impacts. It can also create socio-economic benefits for local communities and address challenges related to rising material demand.

The end-of-life solar PV panels require improved environmental regulations, dedicated infrastructure, innovations in technologies and business models, and stakeholder engagement. The circular economy principles, “reduce”, “reuse” and “recycle”, can play a key role in the sustainable management of end-of-life solar PV. ·

*“Reduce” involves measures to minimise waste generation from the design and production phases and to make solar PV easier to reuse and recycle without compromising performance.
*“Reuse” aims to extend the service life of decommissioned solar PV panels and components based on repairing, refurbishment, testing and certification.
*“Recycle” focuses on the recovery of metals and materials through mechanical, chemical and thermal treatment processes.

Adopting the circular economy requires a holistic policy framework to overcome the barriers - such as unregulated e-waste recycling and the absence of market demand and standardisation - to the adoption and expansion of sustainable practices for end-of-life solar PV. Policies, like the extended producer responsibility (EPR) are proven and effective measures for defining the financial and implementation responsibilities for the takeback and treatment of end-of-life solar PV panels. Other policies and measures include strategies, targets and road maps, as well as appropriate environmental regulations to prevent unsustainable, unregulated collection and treatment of solar PV panels.
|Pub Download=https://www.irena.org/Publications/2026/Jul/End-of-life-management-for-a-circular-economy-Solar-PV-panels
|Pub Newsletter=No
|GBE filter=No
|Pub PIE=No
|Pub Tag Energy Transition=Energy Transition
|Pub Tag Policy=Policies and Regulations
|Pub Tag Solar=Solar
|Pub Tag Other=Other
}}

Publication - Understanding the Scale of the Commercial Cooking Sector in Kenya: A Replicable Methodology for Estimating the number of food businesses nationally

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 09:20:25 GMT

Created page with "{{Pub Database |Pub Title=Understanding the Scale of the Commercial Cooking Sector in Kenya: A Replicable Methodology for Estimating the number of food businesses nationally |..."

New page

{{Pub Database
|Pub Title=Understanding the Scale of the Commercial Cooking Sector in Kenya: A Replicable Methodology for Estimating the number of food businesses nationally
|Pub Organization=Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS), Gamos Ltd
|Pub Author=Walter Kipruto, Jacob Fodio Todd, Richard Sieff & Nigel Scot
|Pub Month=July
|Pub Year=2026
|Pub Abstract=In many emerging economies, commercial cooking is among the most common business activities,
supporting the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands of individuals. Commercial cooking organisations
are broadly defined as businesses or individuals engaged in profit-led ventures that are both the site
of food preparation and service; for instance, restaurants, cafés, and street food vendors. Yet, despite
the sector’s economic importance, there is limited literature and data on the sector, and a lack of
evidence on the size of the commercial cooking market, including on the informal sector likely to
account for the majority of businesses. This data deficit has significant implications, potentially
deterring investment and limiting opportunities to support livelihoods, enhance productivity, and
leverage the economic potential of this often overlooked but major part of the economy.
|Pub Download=https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Understanding-the-Scale-of-the-Commercial-Cooking-Sector-in-Kenya.pdf
|Pub Newsletter=No
|GBE filter=No
|Pub PIE=No
|Pub Tag Cooking=Cooking
|Pub Tag Other=Other
}}

Publication - Clean Cooking in Africa 2026

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 09:18:05 GMT

Created page with "{{Pub Database |Pub Title=Clean Cooking in Africa 2026 |Pub Organization=IEA |Pub Author=IEA |Pub Month=July |Pub Year=2026 |Pub Abstract=Nearly 2 billion people worldwide sti..."

New page

{{Pub Database
|Pub Title=Clean Cooking in Africa 2026
|Pub Organization=IEA
|Pub Author=IEA
|Pub Month=July
|Pub Year=2026
|Pub Abstract=Nearly 2 billion people worldwide still lack access to clean cooking solutions, half of them in sub-Saharan Africa. The traditional use of biomass for cooking is one of the world’s leading causes of premature death, responsible for 2.5 million deaths annually, disproportionately affecting women and children. It also burdens households with hours of time collecting fuel each day – time lost to education and other productive activities – and generates emissions comparable to those from international aviation and shipping combined. Yet closing the clean cooking gap could be achieved with an investment of just USD 4 billion a year.

Despite its importance, clean cooking has long been overlooked by the international community. While the number of people without access has halved globally since 2010, driven by rapid progress in Asia, it continues to rise in sub-Saharan Africa. Recognising clean cooking access as a defining challenge for Africa’s prosperity, the International Energy Agency (IEA) hosted the first International Summit on Clean Cooking in Africa in Paris in 2024, elevating the challenge on the global agenda and mobilising USD 2.2 billion in commitments.

In a new report, Clean Cooking in Africa: Progress Report 2026, the IEA offers a new stocktake of progress and remaining gaps across sub-Saharan Africa. The report assesses progress towards universal access across key dimensions, examines the impact of the ongoing conflict in the Middle East, and tracks delivery of the financial and policy commitments made at the 2024 Summit.

The analysis draws on the latest available data, with ongoing efforts by the IEA to address remaining gaps in global clean cooking data and strengthen the tracking of progress. This report is the latest entry in the IEA’s 25-year history of tracking progress on energy access and promoting clean cooking as a crucial part of the global energy agenda. The tracking in this report will continue to be updated in the future.
|Pub Download=https://www.iea.org/reports/clean-cooking-in-africa-2026
|Pub Newsletter=No
|GBE filter=No
|Pub PIE=No
|Pub Tag Cooking=Cooking
|Pub Tag Energy=Energy Access
|Pub Tag Gender=Gender
|Pub Tag Other=Other
}}

Publication - Power her Future: School Electrification for Girls’ Education & Opportunities in Tanzania

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 09:15:44 GMT

Publication - Power her Future: School Electrification for Girls’ Education & Opportunities in Tanzania

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 09:15:06 GMT

Created page with "{{Pub Database |Pub Title=Power her Future: School Electrification for Girls’ Education & Opportunities in Tanzania |Pub Organization=SEforALL |Pub Author=Jasmine Ansah-Antw..."

New page

{{Pub Database
|Pub Title=Power her Future: School Electrification for Girls’ Education & Opportunities in Tanzania
|Pub Organization=SEforALL
|Pub Author=Jasmine Ansah-Antwi, Kamil Jemilat Idowu, Karelle Donaïgue FOTSO MAMNO, Mary Mesfin Tadesse, and Nduvho Makakavhule
|Pub Month=December
|Pub Year=2025
|Pub Abstract=In response to the global challenges, the United Nations (UN) Member States defined 17 interconnected Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030.

These goals, known as the 2030 Agenda, outline targeted action towards global development, including reducing poverty, addressing inequities, and responding to the challenges of climate change. A key SDG is SDG 7, which concerns sustainable energy access. Currently, an estimated 666 million people lack access to electricity, the majority living in Sub-Saharan Africa, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA 2024).

Despite incremental progress towards electrification, UN Women estimates that by 2030, 341 million women and girls will remain without electricity (UN Women 2023). In consideration of the 272 million children and youth not currently in education (UNESCO 2025; UIS 2025), the pressing challenges of both electrification and education access require a deeper understanding.
|Pub Download=https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2026-08/report-seforall-studentenergy-powerher.pdf
|Pub Newsletter=No
|GBE filter=No
|Pub PIE=No
|Pub Tag Climate=Climate Change
|Pub Tag Energy=Energy Access
|Pub Tag Gender=Gender
|Pub Tag Other=Other
}}

Opportunity - Request for Proposals: Low-Cost Household Cooking Energy Management Platform

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 09:10:39 GMT

Created page with "{{Opportunity |OD Title=Request for Proposals: Low-Cost Household Cooking Energy Management Platform |OD Orga=MECS |OD Type=Others |Focus=Cooking, Other |OD Description=Intell..."

New page

{{Opportunity
|OD Title=Request for Proposals: Low-Cost Household Cooking Energy Management Platform
|OD Orga=MECS
|OD Type=Others
|Focus=Cooking, Other
|OD Description=Intelligent thermal and peak-load management for multi-appliance electric cooking on weak electricity supplies.

Background

MECS invites proposals from consultancies, universities, research institutes, engineering firms and consortia to develop and demonstrate a low-cost Household Cooking Energy Management Platform (CEMP). The platform shall enable households with approximately 300–1,200 W of available cooking power to prepare complete meals through concurrent use of at least two electric cooking appliances, without exceeding the safe current, apparent-power and real-power limits of the household supply or installation.

This is an applied engineering and product-development assignment. It is not limited to a literature review or software simulation. The selected respondent will be expected to establish the technical requirements, compare alternative architectures, characterize representative appliances, develop a control strategy, build a touch-safe laboratory demonstrator, complete witnessed performance tests, and provide a credible product-development and commercialization roadmap

The Engineering Challenge

The platform should manage cooking heat rather than apply simple fixed appliance priority. It should exploit appliance duty cycles and the inherent thermal storage of food, cookware and appliances, briefly reducing, delaying or interrupting heat input where this does not materially affect food safety, meal quality or cooking time. The control strategy must recognise that appliance flexibility is unequal: an EPC operating at about 700 W rather than 1 kW may only take modestly longer to reach pressure, whereas frying or cooking chapati/roti on an induction hob can become difficult below about 1 kW. These assumptions must be validated experimentally across representative appliances and foods.

The research is expected to commence no later than 15th October 2026. All deliverables must be completed and delivered by 31st July 2027.

Full details can be found at: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ToRs-for-micro-controller.pdf
|OD Deadline=2026/09/08
|OD URL=https://mecs.org.uk/request-for-proposals-low-cost-household-cooking-energy-management-platform/
}}

GHG Accounting Specialist

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 09:07:53 GMT

Created page with "{{Job offers |Job title=GHG Accounting Specialist |Organisation=FAO |City=Remote Work |Duration (in months)=11 months |Sector=Climate Change |Application deadline=2026/09/02 |..."

New page

{{Job offers
|Job title=GHG Accounting Specialist
|Organisation=FAO
|City=Remote Work
|Duration (in months)=11 months
|Sector=Climate Change
|Application deadline=2026/09/02
|URL=https://jobs.fao.org/careersection/fao_external/jobdetail.ftl?job=2601731&tz=GMT%2B02%3A00&tzname=Europe%2FBerlin
|Language of description=English
|Job description=Tasks and responsibilities

The GHG Accounting Specialist will be responsible for the following:

Technical Advisory and Methodological Guidance

*Provide systematic technical guidance to OED staff and external evaluation consultants on the appropriate selection, application, and interpretation of GHG accounting tools (EX-ACT, IPCC Inventory Software, NEXT) across different project phases (design, mid-term, final/ex-post).
*Conduct a comparative analysis of results when using different approaches to measuring GHG emissions or reductions in emissions, specifically the IPCC Inventory Software, IPCC, and EX-ACT.
*Advise on the harmonization of inputs, emission factors, tier levels, and scenario assumptions when cross-validating GHG estimates produced by different tools or different evaluators across the portfolio.
*Assist in identifying methodological divergences, calculation errors, or data gaps in project-level GHG assessments submitted to OED, and advise on corrective actions.
*Stay current with updates to GHG accounting tools, IPCC Guideline revisions, and evolving donor expectations for GHG reporting under the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF), and communicate relevant changes to OED staff.

Quality Review of GHG Estimates in OED Evaluations

*Review and validate GHG estimates (ex-ante, mid-term and ex-post) included in FAO projects evaluated by OED, particularly GCF- and GEF-funded projects, ensuring consistency with IPCC Guidelines.
*Verify the completeness, accuracy, transparency, and comparability of GHG accounting applied in evaluated projects, covering all relevant AFOLU categories (land-use change, forestry, livestock, soils) and carbon pools (above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, soil organic carbon, dead organic matter, harvested wood products).
*Assess whether the tier level (Tier 1, 2, or 3) and the land representation (Approach 1, 2 or 3) applied are appropriate given available data, project scale, and reporting requirements, and flag cases where a simplified approach may materially affect results.
*Apply cross-validation practices by re-running or spot-checking GHG estimates using a second tool where feasible, and by cross-checking data sources against national statistics, default IPCC values, or field measurements, in line with Recommendation 5 of the Comparative Study.
*Identify non-AFOLU components of a project (e.g. Energy, Waste, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU)) and advise on how these should be addressed in the GHG accounting. (recognizing that AFOLU source/sink categories and carbon pools are unlikely to cover the entire set of emission sources associated with a project in agriculture or forestry);

Transparency and Documentation

*Support the development and roll-out of OED’s standardized guidance document for methodological choices, capturing: assumptions and emission factors used; data sources and their justification; tiers and approaches applied; parameters and units; and comparison notes where multiple tools or sources are used.
*Maintain or contribute to a decision log for methodological choices made in OED evaluations, improving auditability and consistency across the portfolio.
*Ensure that any differences between OED’s re-estimated GHG figures and original project estimates are clearly documented, explained, and reflected in evaluation reports.

Capacity Development and Helpdesk Support

*Provide targeted technical training to OED staff and external consultants to build familiarity with EX-ACT, the IPCC Inventory Software, and NEXT, and with OED’s methodological standards for GHG-related evaluation findings.
*Serve as an internal helpdesk resource, responding to technical queries from OED evaluators and consultants during active evaluations involving GHG accounting.
*Contribute to the development of training materials, methodological annexes, and guidance notes that facilitate consistent tool selection and application across OED’s evaluation portfolio.
*Collaborate with the evaluation team integrating GHG-related indicators and data into baseline, midterm, and final evaluation survey instruments, ensuring that data collected are suitable for ex-ante and ex-post GHG quantification.
*Liaise as needed with FAO technical divisions (ESA, OCB), tool developers (IPCC TFI, ESA, OCB), and external institutions (GCF, GEF) to ensure OED’s guidance remains aligned with current best practice.

Strategic Support to OED Climate and Environment Evaluations

*Advise OED management on the criteria for identifying projects that require use of the IPCC Inventory Software for alignment with National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (NGHGIs) and the ETF, including the NDCs and thresholds related to project scale, duration, sectoral contribution, and budget (Recommendation 4 of the Comparative Study).
*Support OED’s engagement with national partners, ministries, and NGHGI teams to facilitate earlier alignment of project data with national reporting needs, where relevant to ongoing evaluations.
*Contribute, as requested, to OED’s participation in system-wide evaluation initiatives and to the development of methodological guidance for climate-related evaluations across the UN system.

Full details: https://jobs.fao.org/careersection/fao_external/jobdetail.ftl?job=2601731&tz=GMT%2B02%3A00&tzname=Europe%2FBerlin
}}

Senior Energy Data Officers

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 08:54:04 GMT

Created page with "{{Job offers |Job title=Senior Energy Data Officers |Organisation=International Energy Agency (IEA) |City=Paris |Country=France |Region=Europe and Central Asia |Type of job=te..."

New page

{{Job offers
|Job title=Senior Energy Data Officers
|Organisation=International Energy Agency (IEA)
|City=Paris
|Country=France
|Region=Europe and Central Asia
|Type of job=temporary contract
|Duration (in months)=13 months
|Application deadline=2026/09/17
|URL=https://jobs.smartrecruiters.com/OECD/744000143144759-senior-energy-data-officers?trid=3b3fd07c-0791-4ac8-9ea8-cc2477730cb5
|Language of description=English
|Job description=Job Description

Main Responsibilities

Data collection, validation and development

*Contribute to and enable the production of data and statistics as well as the development of advanced analytical models in the field of data and statistics in order to support related analysis. This includes the collection, processing, dissemination and management of energy data and information for OECD and non-OECD countries, using questionnaires and other methods of data collection, and based on governance and legal requirements.
*Contribute to and enable continuous improvement of methods to ensure data quality and international comparability.
*Contribute to and enable the development and implementation of robust methods for the estimation of missing values if and when necessary, including through the use of alternative dat sources and statistical or data science techniques, where appropriate.
*Contribute to and enable the development of derived indicators and metrics to support tracking of energy market developments globally.
*Contribute to and enable the identification of new data sources (e.g. commercial, administrative, etc.) and collection methods (e.g. web-scraping and data science techniques) to track relevant areas of national and global energy systems.
*Maintain appropriate documentation on data series, draft methodological and technical notes on statistics for various releases and publications.
*Keep abreast of the work of other international and national organisations (e.g. UN, Eurostat, the World Bank, etc.) on related topics, and collaborate as needed.
*As needed, guide the work of more junior staff for the data collection, validation and dissemination tasks.

Database management, support, dissemination and analysis

*Contribute to and enable the maintenance and development of statistical databases exploiting new software developments to improve the efficiency of working methods covering a range of statistical areas.
*Contribute to and enable the integration of new data sets into the existing data infrastructure.
*Contribute to and enable provision of guidance to internal and external users on data preparation and interpretation for use in empirical analysis and modelling and contribute to addressing the changing needs of users by contributing to statistical development work.
*Contribute to and enable the production of statistical and analytical publications, reports and data products.
*Maintain contacts with international organisations, members of national delegations, representatives of industry, and other institutions.
*Promote the work of the Agency externally through organising and participating in workshops, trainings and holding bilateral meetings with entities active in the field of energy statistics.
*As needed, train new recruits to the energy data center on statistical methodologies and processes.

Qualifications

Academic and Professional Background

*A university degree in fields relevant for energy data, i.e. statistics, data science, economics, mathematics, computer science, information technology, engineering, physics, environmental studies. A postgraduate degree in one of these fields would be an advantage.
*At least two years to three years of experience in the production and/or use of data or statistics gained in the private sector, university, public research institutes, national administrations or international organisations. Additional experience would be considered an asset.
*General knowledge of statistical concepts and applied data analysis techniques.
*Professional experience and knowledge of the energy field would be a significant advantage.
*Strong communication skills, including capacity to present technical content to non-technical audiences.

Tools
*Experience performing data processing and analysis using programming languages such as Python, R, and Matlab. Proficiency in Pyhton is an asset.
*Experience in developing visuals with business intelligence software, such as but not limited to Power BI, Tableau, Looker, or Plotly/Dash would be considered a significant advantage.
*Experience in using Microsoft Office software, especially Excel and Visual Basic.
*Managing data with SQL would be considered significant advantages and may be required for certain positions.

Languages
*Fluency in one of the two OECD official languages (English and French) and knowledge of the other, with a commitment to reach a good working level.
*Knowledge of other languages would be an asset.

Core Competencies

*OECD staff are expected to demonstrate behaviours aligned to six core competencies which will be assessed as part of this hiring processes: Vision and Strategy (Level 1); Enable People (Level 1); Ethics and Integrity (Level 1); Collaboration and Horizontality (Level 1); Achieve Results (Level 2); Innovate and Embrace Change (Level 2).
*There are three possible levels for each competency. The level for each competency is determined according to the specific needs of each job role and its associated grade.
*To learn more about the definitions for each competency for levels 1-3, please refer to OECD Core Competencies.

Additional Information

Contract Duration

*13 months fixed term appointment, with the possibility of renewal.

Closing Date

*This vacancy should be filled as soon as possible, and applications should reach us no later than midnight 17 September 2026 (23.50 Paris time).

Please note that our Rules and Regulations stipulate that the mandatory retirement age is 67.

Further details: https://jobs.smartrecruiters.com/OECD/744000143144759-senior-energy-data-officers?trid=3b3fd07c-0791-4ac8-9ea8-cc2477730cb5
}}

IC- International Technical Advisor – Renewable Energy and Minigrids

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 08:46:07 GMT

Created page with "{{Job offers |Job title=IC- International Technical Advisor – Renewable Energy and Minigrids |Organisation=UNDP |Country=Sao Tome and Principe |Region=Latin America and Cari..."

New page

{{Job offers
|Job title=IC- International Technical Advisor – Renewable Energy and Minigrids
|Organisation=UNDP
|Country=Sao Tome and Principe
|Region=Latin America and Caribbean
|Type of job=consultancy contract
|Duration (in months)=15 months
|Sector=Renewable Energy
|Application deadline=2026/09/01
|URL=https://www.unjobnet.org/jobs/detail/undp-ic-international-technical-advisor-renewable-energy-and-minigrids-88165137
|Language of description=English
|Job description=Description of the Assignment: This assignment provides high-level technical, strategic, and quality assurance advisory services to implement scalable solar PV minigrids and accelerate clean energy access under the Africa Minigrid Program in São Tomé and Príncipe.

Period of assignment/services (if applicable): 15 months (comprising 125 working days: 65 days remote and 60 days on-site across 5 field missions)

Proposal should be submitted directly in the portal no later than indicated deadline.

Any request for clarification must be sent in writing via messaging functionality in the portal. UNDP will respond in writing including an explanation of the query without identifying the source of inquiry.

Please indicate whether you intend to submit a bid by creating a draft response without submitting directly in the system. This will enable the system to send notifications in case of amendments of the tender requirements. Should you require further clarifications, kindly communicate using the messaging functionality in the system. Offers must be submitted directly in the system following this link: http://supplier.quantum.partneragencies.org using the profile you may have in the portal. In case you have never registered before, you can register a profile using the registration link shared via the procurement notice and following the instructions in guides available in UNDP website: https://www.undp.org/procurement/business/resources-for-bidders. Do not create a new profile if you already have one. Use the forgotten password feature in case you do not remember the password or the username from previous registration.

Full details: https://www.unjobnet.org/jobs/detail/undp-ic-international-technical-advisor-renewable-energy-and-minigrids-88165137
}}

Mid-Term Evaluation Specialist: Access to Affordable and Renewable Energy

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 08:41:09 GMT

Created page with "{{Job offers |Job title=Mid-Term Evaluation Specialist: Access to Affordable and Renewable Energy |Organisation=UNDP |City=Maseru |Country=Lesotho |Region=Sub-Saharan Africa |..."

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{{Job offers
|Job title=Mid-Term Evaluation Specialist: Access to Affordable and Renewable Energy
|Organisation=UNDP
|City=Maseru
|Country=Lesotho
|Region=Sub-Saharan Africa
|Type of job=temporary contract
|Duration (in months)=2 months
|Sector=Climate Change
|Application deadline=2026/09/01
|URL=https://app.unv.org/opportunities/1784888021271582
|Language of description=English
|Job description=Mission and objectives

UNDP is a global knowledge network advocating for human development and connecting countries to knowledge, experiences and resources to help people build a better life. UNDP works with countries to develop and implement their own solutions to development challenges. Aligned with the Lesotho National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP II 2019-2023), the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF 2019-2023) and UNDP Strategic Plan as well the Country Programme Document (CPD 2019-2023), we are committed to supporting the government and people of Lesotho.
Context

UNDP Lesotho supports national efforts to eradicate poverty and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals through governance, inclusive economic growth, environmental sustainability, climate change and resilience programming. Renewable Lesotho (RL) was launched in 2023 within the Lesotho-European Union Multiannual Indicative Programme 2021-2027 and the European Union Global Gateway. The programme aims to increase renewable energy generation capacity and energy efficiency, expand equitable and gender-transformative access to clean energy, and strengthen Lesotho's leadership and institutional capacity in the energy sector. Component 2, Renewable Lesotho: Access to Affordable and Renewable Energy (RL: AARE), is implemented by UNDP Lesotho under a Contribution Agreement with the European Union. It supports a Results-Based Finance grant facility and two energy tender windows. The Access Window focuses on household-level access, while the Application Window supports public services and productive uses. Technologies include green mini-grid connections, solar home systems, improved cookstoves, electrification of schools and clinics, solar water pumps, mixed productive-use solutions, and commercial and industrial solar applications. The Government of Lesotho and UNDP seek an independent mid-term evaluation of RL: AARE implementation from project launch in 2023 to the evaluation period. The evaluation will assess relevance, coherence, effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability, and consider early signs of potential impact where feasible. It will also examine gender equality, disability inclusion, human rights, youth inclusion and the needs of vulnerable groups.

Task description

Within the delegated authority and under the supervision of the UNDP Lesotho Evaluation Manager, the International UNV Expert will independently conduct the mid-term evaluation of the RL: AARE project in accordance with UNDP evaluation quality standards, OECD-DAC criteria and UNEG ethical principles. The UN Volunteer will:
*Conduct a comprehensive desk review of the Contribution Agreement/project document, Theory of Change, Results Framework, annual work plans and budgets, progress reports, steering committee records, technical reports, training materials, and communication and visibility outputs.
*Prepare an inception report of approximately 10-15 pages setting out the refined evaluation questions, methodology, evaluation matrix, indicators, data sources, data collection tools, analytical approaches, sampling strategy, stakeholder engagement plan, ethical safeguards, limitations and mitigation measures, and a detailed work plan.
*Apply a mixed-methods, participatory and consultative evaluation approach using document review, semi-structured key informant interviews, focus group discussions, surveys or questionnaires where appropriate, field observation and analysis of monitoring data.
*Conduct consultations with UNDP, the Ministry of Energy and Mining, the European Union, implementing partners, government institutions, private-sector actors, civil society, academia, local authorities, beneficiary institutions and communities, ensuring inclusive engagement with women, youth, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups.
*Undertake approved travel and field visits in Lesotho, including visits to selected institutions, service providers and at least five electrified schools, subject to the agreed inception plan and logistical arrangements.
*Assess the project against the OECD-DAC criteria of relevance, coherence, effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability, including emerging results and early signs of potential impact where evidence permits.
*Assess progress in establishing and operationalizing the Results-Based Finance mechanism and the Access and Application Windows, including implementation arrangements, use of resources, stakeholder coordination, institutional capacity and market readiness.
*Examine how gender equality, disability inclusion, human rights, youth inclusion and the needs of vulnerable groups are integrated into project design, implementation, monitoring and early results.
*Triangulate evidence from documents, interviews, focus groups, surveys, field observations and monitoring data, clearly distinguishing observed results, plausible contribution and areas where evidence is limited.
*Present preliminary findings to the Ministry of Energy and Mining and UNDP following fieldwork and facilitate validation of emerging findings.
*Prepare a draft evaluation report of approximately 40-60 pages, including an executive summary, methodology, findings, conclusions, lessons learned and practical, prioritized recommendations.
*Prepare an audit trail showing how consolidated stakeholder comments on the draft report were addressed and submit a revised final evaluation report with the required annexes.
*Deliver a final presentation of the evaluation findings, conclusions and recommendations and maintain the independence, confidentiality, security and ethical use of all information collected.
The UN Volunteer is also encouraged to integrate the UNV mandate into the assignment by strengthening their understanding of volunteerism, participating in relevant UNV activities where feasible, reporting on volunteer contributions and opportunities, and promoting voluntary action and online volunteering when appropriate.

Results / Expected outputs

As an active UNDP Lesotho team member, efficient, timely, responsive, client-friendly and high-quality evaluation support is provided to UNDP, the Government of Lesotho, the European Union and project stakeholders. Expected outputs include:
*Inception report - A 10–15-page report presenting the refined methodology, evaluation matrix, data collection tools and detailed work plan; indicative timing: Week 1.
*Evaluation briefing - An oral presentation of preliminary findings to the Ministry of Energy and Mining and UNDP immediately after fieldwork; indicative timing: Week 4.
*Draft evaluation report - A 40–60-page draft report with executive summary, findings, conclusions, lessons learned and practical recommendations; indicative timing: Week 5.
*Evaluation report audit trail - A matrix showing how consolidated stakeholder comments on the draft report were addressed; indicative timing: Week 7.
*Final evaluation report and presentation - A revised final report incorporating agreed changes and annexes, together with a final presentation; indicative timing: Week 8.
*Findings are independent, evidence-based, clearly sourced and aligned with UNDP and OECD-DAC evaluation standards.
*Gender equality, disability inclusion, human rights and age/diversity perspectives are systematically applied, integrated and documented throughout the assignment.
*Practical recommendations support adaptive management, risk mitigation, stakeholder coordination and future renewable energy programming.
*A final statement documents achievements and contributions to volunteerism for peace and development during the assignment.

Further details: https://app.unv.org/opportunities/1784888021271582
}}

Research Specialist - Energy and Livelihoods

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 08:36:15 GMT

Created page with "{{Job offers |Job title=Research Specialist - Energy and Livelihoods |Organisation=International Water Management Institute (IWMI) |City=Anand, Gujarat |Country=India |Region=..."

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{{Job offers
|Job title=Research Specialist - Energy and Livelihoods
|Organisation=International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
|City=Anand, Gujarat
|Country=India
|Region=Asia and Pacific
|Sector=Research
|Application deadline=2026/08/30
|URL=https://apply.workable.com/international-water-management-institute/j/A21356D88C
|Language of description=English
|Job description=Description

The International Water Management Institute, a Research Center, is seeking a research professional specialized in Energy and Livelihoods to join its office in Anand, India, as a Research Specialist – Energy and Livelihoods.

The Research Specialist will primarily contribute to the ongoing initiative, Indo-German Cooperation on Agrivoltaics (IGCA). IGCA aims to accelerate and mainstream the adoption of agrivoltaics in India, generating benefits for the rural population without compromising food security. The initiative establishes demonstration agrivoltaics projects across diverse agro-ecological regions, generates evidence on agricultural productivity, water use and socioeconomic benefits, develops viable business and financing models, strengthens institutional and individual capacities, and supports evidence-based policymaking. The role also contributes to relevant IWMI-India projects and partnerships including those with ICAR, Tata Trusts and other collaborators.

The Research Specialist is responsible for planning, designing, overseeing, and monitoring research activities, including protocol development, data collection, analysis, and interpretation to achieve research goals and objectives in agrivoltaics, energy and livelihoods. The role engages with stakeholders, assigns and mentors support staff, organizes capacity development sessions, and produces knowledge products to enhance collaboration, outreach, and stakeholder expertise. The Research Specialist ensures timely recording and analysis of data, maintains optimal data pipelines, and develops comprehensive reports and provides inputs to publications to disseminate findings and support evidence-based decision-making.

The position contributes to the development and assessment of equitable and sustainable agrivoltaics business models and deployment strategies through qualitative and quantitative research, action research, field experimentation, comparative assessments, case studies, stakeholder consultations and policy engagement.

DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES:

Main Purpose of Job:

*Plan, design, oversee, and monitor research activities, including developing protocols, data collection, analysis, and interpretation, based on a defined research plan to achieve project objectives and development outcomes.
*Gather and synthesize information and literature to design studies, experiments, surveys, and case studies that generate evidence on agricultural productivity, water use, livelihood benefits agrivoltaics deployment approaches.
*Select, develop and organize research tools, methodologies, and equipment based on project requirements to ensure effective and accurate implementation and provide suggestions for the development of research instruments and analytical tools to enhance the accuracy of the selection of the proposed agrivoltaic interventions and to ensure that the viability gap funding support is routed to the appropriate interventions.
*Design and implement monitoring system to assess the performance, impacts and scalability of farmer-centric and developer-led agrivoltaics models
*Collaborate, engage, communicate and coordinate with stakeholders on research activities to ensure project objectives and milestones are met including organizing meetings, dialogues, field visits and workshops.
*Calibrate and validate assessments, models (e.g. alternate business models) and deployment strategies to enhance precision and achieve viable implementation of agrivoltaics projects.

Further details and application: https://apply.workable.com/international-water-management-institute/j/A21356D88C
}}

Event - 10th Internatinal Energy Forum: Energy and Food Sovereignty in an Era of Deglobalization

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 08:30:28 GMT

Created page with "{{Events |Event title=10th Internatinal Energy Forum: Energy and Food Sovereignty in an Era of Deglobalization |Event Organizer=Institute for European and Globalization Studie..."

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{{Events
|Event title=10th Internatinal Energy Forum: Energy and Food Sovereignty in an Era of Deglobalization
|Event Organizer=Institute for European and Globalization Studies (IES)
|Event Type=Forum & Symposium
|Focus=Other, Energy Access, Renewable Energy
|Beginning=2026/10/13
|Beginning time=08:30AM
|Event Time Zone=CET
|End=2026/10/13
|End time=16:15PM
|Event Time Zone2=CET
|Country=Croatia
|Location=Zagreb, Westin Hotel, Crystal Ballroom
|URL=https://interenef.com/en/
|Event description=The goal of the anniversary 10th Interenef is to open a structured dialogue on energy and food sovereignty in the context of deglobalization, geopolitics, and national security.

The Forum brings together representatives of diplomacy, institutions, industry, and the academic community to exchange policies, experiences, and approaches to the key challenges of today’s global order.

Special emphasis is placed on the interconnection of energy, food, and technology, and on strengthening the resilience of states and societies.

Four markers of the 10th Interenef
*A global diplomatic perspective on energy and food sovereignty in the age of deglobalization
*Energy, agricultural, and food companies and their role in promoting energy and food sovereignty
*Energy, food, and technology—on their interweaving and interaction. Challenges and risks in the age of deglobalization
*Energy and food sovereignty as part of states’ national security. A comparative approach
}}

Event - COP31

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 07:25:56 GMT

Created page with "{{Events |Event title=COP31 |Event Organizer=United Nations Climate Change Conference |Event Type=Conferences & Exhibitions |Focus=Other, Climate Change |Beginning=2026/11/09..."

New page

{{Events
|Event title=COP31
|Event Organizer=United Nations Climate Change Conference
|Event Type=Conferences & Exhibitions
|Focus=Other, Climate Change
|Beginning=2026/11/09
|End=2026/11/20
|Country=Turkey
|Location=Antalya
|URL=https://cop31.tr/
|Event description=COP31 is the 31st Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and will be hosted by Türkiye in Antalya from 9 to 20 November 2026. Building on the foundations of previous COPs — in particular COP30 in Belém — COP31 aims to advance dialogue, strengthen consensus and accelerate implementation.

As the host country, Türkiye will work together with the Parties and stakeholders around the world to contribute constructively to the global climate agenda. Türkiye's COP31 Presidency has been entrusted to Murat Kurum, Minister of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change, by presidential circular.

COP31's priority areas

COP31 advances along three main tracks, aiming to turn the commitments made at previous sessions into concrete implementation:

*Emission targets and implementation — Countries delivering on their strengthened Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement
*Climate finance — Delivering the new collective quantified finance goal set at COP29 to developing countries
*Adaptation and resilience — Strengthening the resilience of vulnerable countries and communities against climate risks
}}

Event - Progress of the World's Women Webinar 2 – Making Gender-Responsive Climate Policy Count

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 07:22:41 GMT

Created page with "{{Events |Event title=Progress of the World's Women Webinar 2 – Making Gender-Responsive Climate Policy Count |Event Organizer=The Gender and Environment Data Alliance (GEDA..."

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{{Events
|Event title=Progress of the World's Women Webinar 2 – Making Gender-Responsive Climate Policy Count
|Event Organizer=The Gender and Environment Data Alliance (GEDA) and UN Women’s Research and Data Section
|Event Type=Online Seminars
|Focus=Other, Climate Change
|Beginning=2026/08/27
|Beginning time=08:30AM
|Event Time Zone=New York Time
|End=2026/08/27
|End time=09:30am
|Event Time Zone2=New York Time
|Location=Online (Zoom)
|URL=https://unwomen.zoom.us/meeting/register/lV_TqHWUSsK5LREJU_Zkaw#/registration
|Event description=The Gender and Environment Data Alliance (GEDA) and UN Women’s Research and Data Section are delighted to invite you to the second webinar in a joint series showcasing the research, evidence and tools informing the upcoming edition of Progress of the World’s Women 2026: Gender Equality in the Age of Climate Crisis.

Through this series, we explore how feminist climate justice can be translated into policy and practice, drawing on cutting-edge research and experiences from different regions and countries.

Join us for an interactive discussion on the key challenges and entry points for advancing gender-responsive climate action at this critical moment. Drawing on emerging evidence and country experiences, we will explore how commitments can be translated into policies, programmes and measurable results across different contexts.

Constanza Tabbush (UN Women) will provide an update on the Gender Equality and Climate Policy Scorecard and key findings emerging from its latest update. Building on this, Isidora Cubillos Ruiz and Elena Ruiz Abril (UN Women) will draw on experiences from Chile and across West and Central Africa to share lessons on how governments and partners are using evidence to strengthen gender-responsive climate policies and programmes.

Following the presentations, Khiddir Iddris (Institute for Climate and Environmental Governance) will reflect on the findings and discuss their broader relevance for climate policy, accountability and implementation. The session will conclude with an interactive Q&A.

Register and save the date in your calendar to join the discussion and stay informed about upcoming webinars in the series. For any questions, please contact progress@unwomen.org.
}}

User:Joel Sutter

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 07:17:26 GMT

Creating user page for new user.

User:Joel Sutter

Hector Alfaro — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 07:17:25 GMT

User account ***** was created by ***** and password was sent by email

Démocratiser les énergies sobres en carbone pour un développement compatible avec le climat en Afrique Centrale

Pierre Panda — Sun, 23 Aug 2026 21:35:26 GMT

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Democratizing low-carbon energies for climate-compatible development in Central Africa

Pierre Panda — Sun, 23 Aug 2026 21:33:31 GMT

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Solar garden light

Joe Huang — Sat, 22 Aug 2026 07:52:27 GMT

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Joe Huang — Sat, 22 Aug 2026 07:51:42 GMT

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Solar garden light Working principle

Solar garden light

Joe Huang — Sat, 22 Aug 2026 07:49:54 GMT

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File:Solar garden light Design and components.jpg

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Joe Huang — Sat, 22 Aug 2026 07:32:43 GMT

Create and edit content, and insert relevant citations.

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'''LED garden light''' is an outdoor illumination device that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the light source and is designed for gardens, pathways, residential landscapes, parks, and decorative outdoor environments.<ref>Rahm, J., & Johansson, M. (2021). [https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/13/4005 Assessment of Outdoor Lighting: Methods for Capturing the Pedestrian Experience in the Field]. ''Energies, 14''(13), 4005.</ref> Modern LED garden lights are commonly powered either by low-voltage electrical systems or by integrated photovoltaic (PV) modules and rechargeable batteries.<ref>Kiwan, S., Abo Mosali, A., & Al-Ghasem, A. (2018). [https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/8/9/119 Smart Solar-Powered LED Outdoor Lighting System Based on the Energy Storage Level in Batteries]. ''Buildings, 8''(9), 119.</ref> Solar-powered LED garden lights have become an important application of small-scale renewable energy systems because they combine photovoltaic energy conversion, energy storage, and high-efficiency solid-state lighting technologies.

== History and development ==
The development of LED garden lighting is closely related to advances in semiconductor lighting and photovoltaic technology.<ref>Piprek, J. (2020). [https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/22/5174 Efficiency Models for GaN-based Light-Emitting Diodes: Status and Challenges]. ''Optics, 1''(2), 110–121.</ref> Early outdoor garden lighting mainly relied on incandescent or fluorescent lamps, which required grid electricity and had relatively high energy consumption. The commercialization of high-efficiency LEDs enabled smaller, longer-lasting, and lower-power lighting products suitable for autonomous outdoor applications.<ref>Olajiga, O. K., et al. (2024).“[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379395428_A_COMPREHENSIVE_REVIEW_OF_ENERGY-EFFICIENT_LIGHTING_TECHNOLOGIES_AND_TRENDS A Comprehensive Review of Energy-Efficient Lighting Technologies and Trends.]”Engineering Science and Technology Journal, 5(3), 1097–1111.</ref>

LED technology has been widely adopted because LEDs generate light through electroluminescence, allowing electrical energy to be converted directly into photons with high efficiency.<ref>Bhattarai, T., Ebong, A., & Raja, M. Y. A. (2024). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380803014_A_Review_of_Light-Emitting_Diodes_and_Ultraviolet_Light-Emitting_Diodes_and_Their_Applications A Review of Light-Emitting Diodes and Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes and Their Applications]. Photonics, 11(6), 491.</ref> Recent reviews of LED technology have highlighted improvements in semiconductor materials, optical design, and thermal management as key factors behind the expansion of LED applications.<ref>Lumetro Lighting. (n.d.). Lumetro: [https://www.lumetrolight.com/ Outdoor garden light], LED line light and lighting solutions. Retrieved August 22, 2026</ref>

Solar-powered LED garden lights emerged from the combination of photovoltaic systems and efficient LED illumination.<ref>Kumar, A., & Kumar, P. (2021). [https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/11746 Autonomous Photovoltaic LED Urban Street Lighting]. Energies, 14(21), 7043.</ref> These systems allow lighting installation in locations where electrical wiring is inconvenient or economically impractical.<ref>Pode, R. (2010). [https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S136403210900241X Solution to enhance the acceptability of solar-powered LED lighting technology]. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14''(3), 1096–1103.</ref> Research on stand-alone photovoltaic LED lighting systems has demonstrated their potential as energy-efficient outdoor lighting solutions.<ref>Vadi, S. (2025). [https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/17/5579 Design and Implementation of an Off-Grid Smart Street Lighting System Using LoRaWAN and Hybrid Renewable Energy for Energy-Efficient Urban Infrastructure]. Sensors, 25(17), 5579.</ref>

== Design and components ==
A typical LED garden light consists of several major components:

* '''Photovoltaic module:''' converts solar radiation into electrical energy during daytime operation.
* '''Rechargeable battery:''' stores electricity generated by the PV module for nighttime illumination.
* '''Charge controller:''' regulates charging and prevents battery overcharge or excessive discharge.
* '''LED light source:''' produces illumination using semiconductor light-emitting devices.
* '''Control system:''' commonly includes light sensors, timers, or microcontrollers for automatic switching.

The integration of these components creates an independent lighting system capable of operating without continuous connection to the electrical grid.<ref>Al Garni, H. Z., & Awasthi, A. (2022). [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9345941 Design of LED Lighting System Using Solar Powered PV Cells]. Energy Reports, 8, 126–133.</ref> Experimental studies of solar-powered LED outdoor lighting systems have shown that intelligent control strategies can extend operating time by managing battery energy according to stored energy levels.

== Working principle ==
During daylight hours, the photovoltaic panel absorbs solar radiation and converts it into direct-current electricity through the photovoltaic effect.<ref>Pastuszak, J., & Węgierek, P. (2022). [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9414585/ Photovoltaic Cell Generations and Current Research Directions for Their Development]. Materials, 15(16), 5542.</ref> The generated electricity is stored in a rechargeable battery through a charge-management circuit.<ref>Lumetro Lighting. (n.d.). [https://www.lumetrolight.com/page/garden-lights.html Garden lights]: Outdoor LED lighting products for landscape and garden applications. Retrieved August 22, 2026</ref>

At night, a light sensor or control circuit activates the LED module. The battery supplies electrical energy to the LED driver, which regulates current flow and maintains stable illumination. Because LEDs require relatively low electrical power compared with traditional lamps, solar-powered LED systems can achieve longer operating periods with smaller energy-storage requirements.<ref>Vieira, J. A. B., & Mota, A. M. (2013). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2013/573919 A High-Performance Stand-Alone Solar PV Power System for LED Lighting]. ISRN Renewable Energy, 2013, Article ID 573919.</ref>

== Applications ==
LED garden lights are used in a variety of outdoor environments, including residential gardens and yards, walkways and pedestrian paths, public parks, landscape decoration projects, architectural lighting applications, and remote outdoor areas without access to the electrical grid.<ref>Pereira, M. C., et al. (2021). [https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/11746 Autonomous Photovoltaic LED Urban Street Lighting: Technical, Economic, and Social Viability Analysis Based on a Case Study]. Sustainability, 13(21), 11746.</ref> Beyond their decorative functions, LED garden lights can improve nighttime visibility and contribute to pedestrian safety. The integration of smart control technologies, such as adaptive brightness adjustment and battery-management algorithms, has further expanded their applications in sustainable outdoor lighting systems by improving energy efficiency and operational reliability.<ref>Lumetro Lighting. (n.d.). [https://www.lumetrolight.com/products/outdoor-garden-light.html Outdoor garden light]: LED garden lighting products for outdoor applications. Lumetro Lighting. Retrieved August 22, 2026</ref>

== Limitations ==
Despite their advantages, LED garden lights also have several limitations.<ref>Al-Ezzi, A. S., & Ansari, M. N. M. (2022). [https://www.mdpi.com/2571-5577/5/4/67 Photovoltaic Solar Cells: A Review]. ''Applied System Innovation, 5''(4), 67.</ref> Their performance is strongly influenced by solar radiation availability, meaning that reduced sunlight during cloudy weather or seasonal changes can affect illumination duration and reliability. In addition, battery degradation over time may reduce energy storage capacity and shorten the operational lifetime of the lighting system.<ref>Lee, M., Park, J., Na, S. I., Choi, H. S., Bu, B. S., & Kim, J. (2020). [https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/9/4/701 An Analysis of Battery Degradation in the Integrated Energy Storage System with Solar Photovoltaic Generation]. Electronics, 9(4), 701.</ref> Small photovoltaic panels may provide insufficient energy during extended periods of low solar irradiance, while the light output of some solar-powered LED garden lights may remain lower than that of permanently grid-powered outdoor lighting systems. Consequently, research on autonomous photovoltaic lighting systems has focused on improving battery management strategies, increasing photovoltaic conversion efficiency, and developing intelligent control methods to enhance system reliability and energy utilization.<ref>Al-Shetwi, A. Q., Magableh, A. M., & Alzaareer, K. (2023). [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/energy-research/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1139255/full Current and future prospective for battery controllers of solar PV integrated battery energy storage systems]. Frontiers in Energy Research, 11, 1139255.</ref>

== References ==

Power System Flexibility in the Energy Transition

Timilehin Adewale — Fri, 21 Aug 2026 15:51:14 GMT

Explains power system flexibility and its growing importance as electricity systems integrate higher shares of renewable energy. The article examines flexibility across daily, weekly and monthly timescales, the role of batteries, interconnectors, demand-side management and long-duration energy storage, and the implications for planning secure and affordable electricity systems.

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Power system flexibility is becoming increasingly important as electricity systems undergo rapid structural change.

Traditional power systems were largely based on controllable generation from centralised power plants. Electricity demand followed relatively predictable patterns, while system operators adjusted generation to maintain the balance between supply and demand.

The transition towards renewable energy changes this operating environment.

Solar and wind generation are variable and depend on weather conditions. At the same time, electricity demand is becoming more dynamic as transport, heating, cooling and industrial processes become increasingly electrified.

The growth of distributed energy resources also increases the number of assets connected to electricity networks. These resources can include:

* rooftop solar PV;
* battery storage;
* electric vehicles;
* flexible industrial loads;
* heat pumps;
* distributed generation;
* demand-response resources.

As a result, flexibility is no longer provided only by conventional power plants.

Modern electricity systems can obtain flexibility from a combination of generation, storage, networks and electricity demand.

The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) identifies flexibility as an essential component of a secure and affordable power-sector transformation. Flexibility allows electricity systems to respond to variations in demand and renewable-energy generation while maintaining reliable system operation.

== Flexibility Across Different Timescales ==

Flexibility requirements do not occur over a single period of time.

Some changes in electricity supply and demand occur within hours, while others can persist for several days, weeks or months.

IRENA's 2026 analysis distinguishes between three broad timescales of power system flexibility:

* daily flexibility;
* weekly flexibility;
* monthly flexibility.

Different flexibility resources are better suited to different timescales.

Understanding these differences is important because a technology that performs well for short-duration balancing may not provide an economical solution for longer periods of low renewable-energy availability.

=== Daily Flexibility ===

Daily flexibility refers to variations in electricity supply and demand that occur within a typical day.

Examples include:

* increases in electricity demand during morning and evening periods;
* reductions in solar generation after sunset;
* changes in wind generation;
* daily variations in industrial and commercial electricity use.

The growing deployment of solar PV can create particularly significant daily flexibility requirements.

Solar generation often reaches its highest output during the middle of the day and declines rapidly in the evening, while electricity demand may increase as solar generation falls.

This creates a need for resources that can respond over relatively short periods.

Resources that can contribute to daily flexibility include:

* battery storage;
* pumped-storage hydropower;
* demand response;
* flexible hydropower;
* flexible thermal generation;
* electric vehicles;
* smart charging;
* interconnections.

Battery storage is particularly well suited to many daily flexibility requirements because it can store electricity during periods of high generation and release it during periods of higher demand.

=== Weekly Flexibility ===

Weekly flexibility refers to variations that persist over several days.

These can result from:

* prolonged periods of low wind generation;
* changes in weather patterns;
* differences between weekdays and weekends;
* sustained changes in electricity demand.

Short-duration batteries may provide some contribution, but longer periods of imbalance can require other flexibility resources.

Potential sources of weekly flexibility include:

* larger energy-storage systems;
* hydropower;
* interconnections between electricity systems;
* flexible generation;
* demand-side management;
* long-duration energy storage.

The importance of weekly flexibility depends on local weather conditions, electricity demand patterns and the composition of the renewable-energy mix.

=== Monthly Flexibility ===

Monthly flexibility addresses longer-lasting variations in electricity supply and demand.

These can include:

* seasonal changes in solar generation;
* seasonal changes in wind resources;
* prolonged weather patterns;
* variations in heating and cooling demand;
* hydrological changes affecting hydropower production.

These longer-duration requirements can be more difficult to address using technologies designed primarily for short-duration balancing.

Potential solutions include:

* long-duration energy storage;
* seasonal storage;
* large hydropower reservoirs;
* strong interconnections between regions;
* flexible low-carbon generation;
* long-term demand management.

The appropriate combination depends on the characteristics of the electricity system.

A system with significant geographical diversity in renewable resources may reduce some longer-duration flexibility requirements through interconnection, while isolated systems may require greater reliance on storage or local flexible resources.

== Growing Flexibility Needs ==

IRENA's 2026 analysis shows that flexibility requirements are expected to increase significantly as electricity demand grows and the share of solar and wind generation expands.

Under IRENA's 1.5°C Scenario, global daily flexibility needs in 2030 are estimated to be around three times higher than their 2019 level.

By 2050, daily flexibility needs could reach approximately ten times their 2019 level.

The growth in flexibility requirements is influenced by several factors:

* increasing electricity demand;
* greater deployment of solar PV;
* greater deployment of wind power;
* electrification of transport and heating;
* changes in electricity-demand patterns;
* the location and diversity of renewable-energy resources;
* the availability of grid infrastructure.

However, higher renewable-energy capacity does not automatically mean that flexibility needs increase at the same rate everywhere.

The amount and type of flexibility required depends on the characteristics of the electricity system.

For example, a diverse mix of wind and solar resources can reduce variability compared with a system that relies heavily on a single renewable-energy technology.

Geographical diversity can also reduce aggregate variability when electricity systems are interconnected.

== The Importance of a Portfolio Approach ==

No single technology can economically provide all forms of power system flexibility.

Batteries can be highly effective for short-duration balancing but may become increasingly expensive when required to provide energy over very long periods.

Interconnectors can allow regions to share electricity resources, but their value depends on differences in generation and demand between connected systems.

Demand-side management can reduce or shift electricity consumption, but the available flexibility depends on consumer behaviour, technology and market incentives.

Long-duration energy storage can address longer periods of imbalance but may require further technological development and investment.

For this reason, IRENA's analysis highlights the importance of combining different flexibility resources.

A flexible electricity system may therefore include:

* battery storage;
* pumped-storage hydropower;
* flexible renewable generation;
* demand-side management;
* smart charging of electric vehicles;
* transmission expansion;
* regional interconnections;
* long-duration energy storage;
* other flexible generation resources.

The objective is not to identify a single technology that can provide all flexibility requirements, but to develop a combination of resources that can respond effectively across different timescales.

== The Role of Electricity Networks ==

Electricity networks are themselves an important source of system flexibility.

Transmission expansion and stronger interconnections can allow electricity to move between regions with different demand patterns and renewable-energy conditions.

For example, low wind generation in one region may coincide with stronger wind conditions in another.

Similarly, solar generation and electricity demand can vary across geographically dispersed areas.

Interconnection can therefore reduce the need for every individual electricity system to maintain sufficient local flexibility for all possible conditions.

However, grid infrastructure requires long-term planning and investment.

The development of renewable generation, storage and transmission should therefore be considered together.

Planning these resources separately can result in unnecessary costs or insufficient infrastructure.

== Key Flexibility Resources in Modern Power Systems ==

As flexibility needs increase, electricity systems are likely to rely on a combination of technologies and operational strategies.

IRENA's 2026 analysis highlights the complementary roles of battery storage, electricity interconnections, demand-side flexibility and long-duration energy storage.

Each resource has different technical characteristics and is therefore better suited to particular flexibility requirements.

=== Battery Energy Storage ===

Battery energy storage has become one of the most rapidly deployed sources of power system flexibility.

Batteries can respond quickly to changes in electricity supply and demand. They can charge when electricity generation exceeds demand and discharge when additional electricity is required.

This makes battery storage particularly useful for short-duration and daily flexibility.

Common applications include:

* shifting solar electricity from daytime to evening periods;
* providing frequency regulation;
* reducing peak electricity demand;
* supporting electricity-network operation;
* reducing renewable-energy curtailment;
* providing reserve capacity;
* improving the reliability of isolated and weak-grid systems.

The rapid growth of solar PV has increased the importance of battery storage in many electricity systems.

During periods of high solar generation, batteries can absorb excess electricity. As solar output declines, stored electricity can be released to help meet demand.

However, batteries are not automatically the lowest-cost solution for all flexibility requirements.

As the required storage duration increases, larger battery systems are needed to store sufficient energy. This can increase investment costs.

Battery storage is therefore generally most suitable for short-duration flexibility, although technological improvements and changing costs may expand its role over time.

=== Interconnections and Regional Power Trade ===

Interconnections allow electricity to be exchanged between different regions or countries.

This can provide flexibility by allowing systems with different electricity-demand patterns and renewable-energy resources to support each other.

For example:

* one region may have strong wind resources while another has low wind generation;
* solar generation may peak at different times across geographically dispersed areas;
* electricity demand may differ because of climate, industry or time zones;
* hydropower resources may complement solar and wind generation.

Stronger interconnections can therefore reduce the amount of flexibility that each individual system needs to provide independently.

Regional electricity trade can also improve the utilisation of renewable resources.

However, the benefits of interconnection depend on sufficient transmission capacity, compatible technical standards, coordinated system operation and appropriate electricity-market arrangements.

Cross-border electricity trading can also require political cooperation and long-term institutional arrangements.

For developing regions, regional power pools and interconnections can provide an important opportunity to share generation resources and improve electricity-system reliability.

=== Demand-Side Flexibility ===

Flexibility can also be provided by changing the timing or level of electricity consumption.

This is commonly referred to as '''demand-side flexibility'''.

Instead of responding to a change in electricity demand by increasing electricity generation, system operators or consumers can reduce, increase or shift electricity use.

Examples include:

* shifting industrial processes to periods of high renewable generation;
* delaying electric-vehicle charging;
* adjusting heating or cooling systems;
* controlling water pumping;
* managing refrigeration loads;
* temporarily reducing non-critical electricity consumption.

Digital technologies, smart meters and automated energy-management systems can make demand-side flexibility easier to implement.

Consumers may respond to:

* electricity prices;
* financial incentives;
* automated control signals;
* demand-response programmes.

Demand-side flexibility can reduce peak demand and help electricity systems absorb higher levels of renewable generation.

However, not all electricity demand can be shifted.

The available flexibility depends on the type of consumer, the technology being used, operational requirements and the willingness of consumers to participate.

Appropriate market incentives and regulatory frameworks are therefore important.

=== Long-Duration Energy Storage ===

Long-duration energy storage can provide electricity-system flexibility over periods longer than those typically served by short-duration batteries.

Potential technologies include:

* pumped-storage hydropower;
* flow batteries;
* compressed-air energy storage;
* thermal energy storage;
* hydrogen-based storage;
* other emerging storage technologies.

Long-duration storage may become increasingly important as electricity systems rely on larger shares of solar and wind power.

Periods of low renewable generation can sometimes persist for several days or longer.

Addressing these events may require storage technologies capable of retaining and delivering energy over longer periods.

The most appropriate technology depends on local geography, resource availability, infrastructure and electricity-system requirements.

Pumped-storage hydropower, for example, requires suitable geographical conditions. Hydrogen-based storage may provide very long-duration storage but requires additional infrastructure and involves energy losses during conversion and reconversion.

Long-duration storage technologies are therefore likely to play complementary roles alongside batteries and other flexibility resources rather than replacing them entirely.

== Combining Flexibility Resources ==

Different flexibility resources can complement one another.

A battery may respond rapidly to short-term changes in electricity supply and demand, while an interconnector may provide access to electricity from another region.

Demand-side flexibility can reduce the amount of additional generation required, while long-duration storage can contribute during prolonged periods of low renewable generation.

A modern flexibility strategy should therefore consider how resources interact.

For example, an electricity system may use:

* batteries for intraday balancing;
* demand response for peak reduction;
* interconnections for regional balancing;
* hydropower for dispatchable flexibility;
* long-duration storage for extended periods of low renewable generation.

The optimal combination will vary between electricity systems.

Important factors include:

* renewable-energy resources;
* electricity-demand patterns;
* existing generation capacity;
* grid infrastructure;
* geographical conditions;
* financing costs;
* fuel availability;
* regulatory frameworks.

== Flexibility and Grid Expansion ==

Flexibility resources and electricity networks should not be treated as completely separate investment decisions.

Grid expansion can provide flexibility by allowing electricity to move between regions.

At the same time, local storage and demand-side flexibility can reduce congestion and defer some network investments.

The appropriate balance between grid expansion and other flexibility resources depends on the characteristics of the electricity system.

For example, building additional transmission may provide long-term benefits by connecting regions with complementary renewable resources.

In other cases, strategically located battery storage or demand-side flexibility may provide a faster or more cost-effective solution to local network constraints.

Power-system planning should therefore evaluate transmission, storage, generation and demand-side resources together.

== Flexibility and Renewable Energy Curtailment ==

Renewable-energy curtailment occurs when available renewable electricity cannot be used or delivered to consumers.

Curtailment can result from:

* insufficient grid capacity;
* low electricity demand;
* system-security requirements;
* limited storage capacity;
* transmission congestion.

Flexibility resources can reduce curtailment by creating additional options for using renewable electricity.

For example:

* batteries can store electricity for later use;
* flexible demand can increase consumption during periods of high renewable generation;
* interconnectors can export electricity to other regions;
* smart charging can align electricity consumption with renewable availability.

However, eliminating all curtailment may not always be economically efficient.

In some cases, building additional storage or transmission capacity to avoid a relatively small amount of curtailment may cost more than accepting limited renewable-energy losses.

The objective of flexibility planning should therefore be to optimise the overall electricity system rather than to eliminate curtailment under all circumstances.

== Planning Flexibility as a System ==

Power-system flexibility should be considered during long-term electricity planning.

The deployment of solar, wind, storage, transmission and flexible demand affects the flexibility requirements of the system as a whole.

Planning one resource independently can lead to unnecessary investment or missed opportunities for coordination.

Integrated planning can consider:

* expected electricity-demand growth;
* future renewable-energy capacity;
* hourly and seasonal generation patterns;
* existing and planned grid infrastructure;
* storage requirements;
* regional interconnection;
* flexible electricity demand;
* reliability requirements;
* technology costs.

This approach can help identify combinations of resources that provide reliable electricity at lower overall system cost.

== Flexibility in Developing Countries ==

Power system flexibility is relevant to developing countries as electricity systems expand and incorporate increasing amounts of renewable energy.

Many developing electricity systems face a combination of growing electricity demand, limited generation capacity, constrained transmission networks and difficulties accessing affordable finance.

Flexibility planning can help these systems make better use of existing and new infrastructure.

Potential flexibility resources include:

* battery storage;
* hydropower;
* demand-side management;
* mini-grid energy management;
* distributed solar PV;
* interconnections;
* flexible electricity generation;
* long-duration storage.

The appropriate combination depends on the characteristics of each electricity system.

In some systems, strengthening transmission and regional interconnections may provide substantial flexibility. In others, distributed batteries, demand-side management or improved operation of existing hydropower resources may be more appropriate.

Flexibility should therefore be assessed as part of broader electricity-system planning rather than treated as a separate technology category.

== Flexibility in Africa ==

African electricity systems have significant opportunities to benefit from increased flexibility.

The continent has substantial solar, wind and hydropower resources, but these resources are distributed unevenly across countries and regions.

Greater regional interconnection could allow countries to share electricity generated from complementary resources.

For example, hydropower resources can provide flexibility to systems with high shares of solar and wind generation, while strong solar resources can complement hydropower during periods of lower water availability.

Potential flexibility measures in Africa include:

* regional power-pool development;
* transmission interconnection;
* battery energy storage;
* pumped-storage hydropower;
* demand-side management;
* digital energy-management systems;
* flexible operation of existing generation;
* renewable-energy forecasting;
* distributed energy resources;
* mini-grid storage.

The development of flexibility resources should be considered alongside efforts to increase electricity access.

For isolated communities, battery storage and intelligent energy management can improve the reliability and utilisation of renewable-energy-based mini-grids.

For larger electricity systems, transmission expansion, regional electricity trade and utility-scale storage may provide greater system-level benefits.

== Policy and Market Considerations ==

Investment in flexibility requires appropriate policy and market conditions.

Electricity markets traditionally reward the production and sale of electricity but may not adequately compensate resources that provide flexibility, capacity or other system services.

Market design can therefore influence whether flexibility resources are developed.

Potential mechanisms include:

* time-of-use electricity tariffs;
* demand-response programmes;
* ancillary-service markets;
* capacity mechanisms;
* competitive procurement;
* storage incentives;
* flexibility markets;
* long-term power purchase agreements;
* regional electricity-trading arrangements.

Regulatory frameworks should also enable distributed resources such as batteries, electric vehicles and flexible consumers to participate where technically appropriate.

== Challenges to Flexibility Deployment ==

Several barriers can limit the deployment of flexibility resources.

=== Investment Costs ===

Flexibility technologies can require significant upfront investment.

This is particularly relevant for storage and transmission infrastructure, which may have long development periods and require substantial capital.

Access to affordable finance can therefore strongly influence the feasibility of flexibility projects.

=== Regulatory Barriers ===

Existing electricity regulations may not have been designed for batteries, aggregators, demand response or distributed energy resources.

Clear rules are needed to define how these resources can connect to the grid, participate in electricity markets and provide system services.

=== Institutional Capacity ===

Effective flexibility planning requires technical capabilities in areas such as:

* power-system modelling;
* electricity-market design;
* renewable-energy forecasting;
* storage planning;
* demand-side management;
* grid operation;
* data analysis.

Capacity building is therefore an important component of long-term flexibility development.

=== Data and Planning Limitations ===

Flexibility planning requires detailed information about electricity demand, generation, transmission constraints and renewable-resource variability.

Where data is incomplete or unreliable, it can be difficult to estimate the amount and type of flexibility required.

Improving data collection and power-system modelling can therefore support better investment decisions.

=== Technology-Specific Limitations ===

Every flexibility resource has technical and economic limitations.

Batteries have finite energy-storage duration and experience degradation.

Interconnectors require transmission investment and coordination between connected systems.

Demand response depends on the availability and willingness of flexible consumers.

Long-duration storage technologies may have higher costs or limited commercial deployment in some markets.

Flexibility planning should therefore avoid dependence on a single technology.

== Flexibility and Energy Security ==

Flexibility can contribute to energy security by improving the ability of electricity systems to respond to unexpected changes in supply and demand.

A system with diverse flexibility resources can be better positioned to respond to:

* sudden generator outages;
* changes in renewable-energy output;
* transmission constraints;
* demand spikes;
* fuel-supply disruptions;
* extreme weather events.

Diversifying flexibility resources can also reduce dependence on a single source of backup generation.

In systems with high renewable-energy penetration, flexibility can therefore support both decarbonisation and electricity-system resilience.

== Future Outlook ==

The importance of power-system flexibility is expected to increase as electricity demand grows and renewable-energy deployment accelerates.

The transition is likely to involve a broader portfolio of flexibility resources rather than a single dominant technology.

Short-duration battery storage is expected to remain important for daily balancing, while longer-duration storage, demand-side management, hydropower and interconnections can provide flexibility over longer periods.

Digitalisation will also increasingly connect flexibility resources.

Smart meters, automated controls, artificial intelligence, energy-management systems and distributed-energy-resource management platforms can allow large numbers of small resources to operate collectively.

This could transform electricity consumers from passive users into active participants capable of providing flexibility to the power system.

Regional electricity integration may also become increasingly important, particularly in regions where renewable resources and electricity demand vary substantially between countries.

== Conclusion ==

Power system flexibility is becoming a central requirement for the transition towards secure, affordable and renewable electricity systems.

As the share of solar and wind generation increases, electricity systems need greater ability to respond to variations in renewable generation and electricity demand.

Flexibility is required across multiple timescales. Daily variations can often be addressed through batteries, demand response and flexible generation, while weekly and monthly variations may require longer-duration storage, hydropower, interconnections and other system-level solutions.

No single technology can provide all flexibility requirements economically.

A resilient electricity system therefore needs a portfolio of complementary resources, supported by appropriate grid infrastructure, market mechanisms, digital technologies and institutional capacity.

IRENA's 2026 analysis indicates that global flexibility requirements will increase substantially as electricity systems transform. This makes flexibility planning an increasingly important component of long-term power-system development.

For developing countries and African electricity systems, flexibility can support both renewable-energy integration and improved electricity-system reliability. Regional interconnection, storage, demand-side management and improved operation of existing infrastructure can all contribute.

Ultimately, flexibility should not be considered as an additional technology that is deployed after renewable generation has been planned. It should be incorporated into electricity-system planning from the beginning, with generation, networks, storage and demand considered as interconnected components of a single system.

== See Also ==

* [[Flexibility (Power System)]]
* [[Grid Integration of Renewable Energy]]

== External Links ==

* [https://www.irena.org/Publications/2026/Jan/Flexibility-for-a-secure-and-affordable-power-sector-transformation IRENA: Flexibility for a Secure and Affordable Power Sector Transformation]
* [https://www.irena.org/ IRENA – International Renewable Energy Agency]

== References ==

* International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) (2026). ''Flexibility for a Secure and Affordable Power Sector Transformation''. Abu Dhabi: IRENA.

== Attribution ==

This article has been substantially expanded and updated using information from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) publication ''Flexibility for a Secure and Affordable Power Sector Transformation'' (2026).

The original Energypedia article provides the foundation for the discussion of power-system flexibility and its principal flexibility resources. The additional material introduces recent analysis of flexibility requirements across daily, weekly and monthly timescales and the changing role of storage, interconnections and demand-side flexibility.

Readers should consult the original IRENA publication for its complete methodology, scenarios, assumptions and detailed analysis.

[[Category:Nigeria Off-Grid Solar Knowledge Hub]]

User:Eshetu Lapo

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Opportunity - Calling all Clean Cooking Innovators

Lisafeldmann — Thu, 20 Aug 2026 12:34:31 GMT

Event - Development 2030: Beyond the SDGs

Lisafeldmann — Thu, 20 Aug 2026 12:30:01 GMT

@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 |CD contact website=https://solarpanelsandbatterypackage.com/
 |CD contact facebook=https://www.instagram.com/solarpanelsandbatterypackage/
 |CD Technology Solar=Yes
 |CD Technology Solar sub=Solar Electric Technologies, Photovoltaic (PV), Solar Home Systems (SHS), Solar Hybrid Systems, Solar Batteries

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 As an example, a battery may have a voltage of 14 volts when fully charged, and 11 when fully discharged. Assume the load will not operate properly below 12 volts. Therefore, there will be times when this battery cannot supply enough voltage for the load. The battery's voltage window does not match that of the load.
-Modern solar panels and battery package solutions combine solar energy generation with battery storage, allowing households and businesses to store excess electricity produced during the day and use it when solar production is low, such as at night or during cloudy weather. Choosing the right battery technology is an important part of designing an efficient solar energy system.
+Modern [https://solarpanelsandbatterypackage.com/ solar panels and battery package] solutions combine solar energy generation with battery storage, allowing households and businesses to store excess electricity produced during the day and use it when solar production is low, such as at night or during cloudy weather. Choosing the right battery technology is an important part of designing an efficient solar energy system.
 == Selection of Battery Technology ==

@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 == What is a Mini-Grid? ==
-A mini-grid is a local electricity system consisting of one or more electricity generation sources, a distribution network and electricity consumers within a defined geographical area.
+A mini-grid is a local electricity system consisting of one or more electricity generation sources, a distribution network and electricity consumers within a defined geographical area. For a definition click [[Mini Grids|here]].
 Mini-grids can use a variety of generation technologies, including:
@@ Line 585: / Line 585: @@
 * [[The Multi-Tier Framework for Measuring Energy Access]]
 * [[Rural Electrification]]
 == External Links ==
@@ Line 602: / Line 603: @@
 The present article is an independently structured educational synthesis for Energypedia. Readers should consult the original publication for the full systematic review methodology, study-level evidence, references and supplementary materials.
 [[Category:Nigeria Off-Grid Solar Knowledge Hub]]

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	[[Category:Nigeria Off-Grid Solar Knowledge Hub]]		[[Category:Nigeria Off-Grid Solar Knowledge Hub]]
		+	[[Category:Artificial Intelligence]]
		+	[[Category:Digitalisation]]
		+	[[Category:Electricity Market]]
		+	[[Category:Renewable Energy]]
		+	[[Category:Grid Integration]]
		+	[[Category:Grid]]
		+	[[Category:Distributed Renewable Energy (DRE)]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:07, 24 August 2026
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	[[Category:Nigeria Off-Grid Solar Knowledge Hub]]		[[Category:Nigeria Off-Grid Solar Knowledge Hub]]
		+	[[Category:Electricity]]
		+	[[Category:Energy Transition]]
		+	[[Category:Renewable Energy]]
		+	[[Category:Grid]]
		+	[[Category:Grid Integration]]
		+	[[Category:Electricity Market]]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 |Organisation=UNDP
 |Country=Sao Tome and Principe
-|Region=Latin America and Caribbean
+|Region=Sub-Saharan Africa
 |Type of job=consultancy contract
 |Duration (in months)=15 months

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 |Pub Month=December
 |Pub Year=2025
-|Pub Abstract=In response to the global challenges, the United Nations (UN) Member States defined 17 interconnected Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030.
+|Pub Abstract=The report explores how access to reliable energy in schools can unlock educational opportunities, particularly for girls. At a time when 272 million children remain out of school globally—and nearly half of them are girls—the consequences are profound. Without stronger support, the gender gap in access to education and Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) opportunities will persist. Ensuring stable electricity in schools is critical to achieving commitments to SDG4 (Quality Education), SDG5 (Gender Equality), and SDG7 (Affordable and Clean Energy). Practical implementation requires not only infrastructure expansion but also gender-responsive policies, financing and community engagement that ensure every child, especially every girl, can learn in an electrified, safe and inspiring environment.
 |Pub Download=https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2026-08/report-seforall-studentenergy-powerher.pdf
 |Pub Newsletter=No

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:35, 23 August 2026
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−	[[File:PP 23.~~png~~\|thumb\|Pierre Panda]]	+	[[File:PP.jpg\|alt=\|thumb\|Pierre Panda]]
−
	L’Afrique reste le continent le moins electrifié au monde avec seulement 42 % de sa population qui a accès à l’électricité.		L’Afrique reste le continent le moins electrifié au monde avec seulement 42 % de sa population qui a accès à l’électricité.

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:33, 23 August 2026
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−		+	[[File:PP.jpg\|alt=\|thumb]]
−	[[File:PP 23.~~png~~\|thumb]]
−
	Africa remains the least electrified continent in the world with only 42% of its population having access to electricity. At the same time, scientists continue to warn about the staggering projections of climate change and its chaotic effects on a planetary scale. Thus, a temperature rise of 3° to 7°c is expected before the end of this century. And as if that were not enough, statistics report that "9 million deaths are recorded per year as a result of air pollution and that 110 million human beings are exposed to droughts and floods as a result of climate change »		Africa remains the least electrified continent in the world with only 42% of its population having access to electricity. At the same time, scientists continue to warn about the staggering projections of climate change and its chaotic effects on a planetary scale. Thus, a temperature rise of 3° to 7°c is expected before the end of this century. And as if that were not enough, statistics report that "9 million deaths are recorded per year as a result of air pollution and that 110 million human beings are exposed to droughts and floods as a result of climate change »

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 Solar-powered garden lights emerged from the combination of photovoltaic systems and efficient LED illumination.<ref>Kumar, A., & Kumar, P. (2021). [https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/11746 Autonomous Photovoltaic LED Urban Street Lighting]. Energies, 14(21), 7043.</ref> These systems allow lighting installation in locations where electrical wiring is inconvenient or economically impractical.<ref>Pode, R. (2010). [https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S136403210900241X Solution to enhance the acceptability of solar-powered LED lighting technology]. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14''(3), 1096–1103.</ref> Research on stand-alone photovoltaic LED lighting systems has demonstrated their potential as energy-efficient outdoor lighting solutions.<ref>Vadi, S. (2025). [https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/17/5579 Design and Implementation of an Off-Grid Smart Street Lighting System Using LoRaWAN and Hybrid Renewable Energy for Energy-Efficient Urban Infrastructure]. Sensors, 25(17), 5579.</ref>
-[[File:Solar garden light Design and components.jpg|thumb|Schematic showing the operating principle of a solar-powered LED garden light, including photovoltaic energy conversion, battery storage, and LED illumination.]]
+[[File:Solar garden light Working principle.jpg.jpg|thumb|Schematic showing the operating principle of a solar-powered LED garden light, including photovoltaic energy conversion, battery storage, and LED illumination.]]
 == Design and components ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Solar garden light''' is an outdoor illumination device that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the light source and is designed for gardens, pathways, residential landscapes, parks, and decorative outdoor environments.<ref>Rahm, J., & Johansson, M. (2021). [https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/13/4005 Assessment of Outdoor Lighting: Methods for Capturing the Pedestrian Experience in the Field]. ''Energies, 14''(13), 4005.</ref> Modern solar garden lights are commonly powered either by low-voltage electrical systems or by integrated photovoltaic (PV) modules and rechargeable batteries.<ref>Kiwan, S., Abo Mosali, A., & Al-Ghasem, A. (2018). [https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/8/9/119 Smart Solar-Powered LED Outdoor Lighting System Based on the Energy Storage Level in Batteries]. ''Buildings, 8''(9), 119.</ref> Solar-powered garden lights have become an important application of small-scale renewable energy systems because they combine photovoltaic energy conversion, energy storage, and high-efficiency solid-state lighting technologies.
+[[File:Solar-garden-light.jpg|thumb|A collection of solar garden lights in different designs, including pathway lights, spotlights, and decorative outdoor lamps. These lights use solar energy to provide illumination for gardens and outdoor landscapes.]]
 == History and development ==
@@ Line 7: / Line 8: @@
 Solar-powered garden lights emerged from the combination of photovoltaic systems and efficient LED illumination.<ref>Kumar, A., & Kumar, P. (2021). [https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/11746 Autonomous Photovoltaic LED Urban Street Lighting]. Energies, 14(21), 7043.</ref> These systems allow lighting installation in locations where electrical wiring is inconvenient or economically impractical.<ref>Pode, R. (2010). [https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S136403210900241X Solution to enhance the acceptability of solar-powered LED lighting technology]. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14''(3), 1096–1103.</ref> Research on stand-alone photovoltaic LED lighting systems has demonstrated their potential as energy-efficient outdoor lighting solutions.<ref>Vadi, S. (2025). [https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/17/5579 Design and Implementation of an Off-Grid Smart Street Lighting System Using LoRaWAN and Hybrid Renewable Energy for Energy-Efficient Urban Infrastructure]. Sensors, 25(17), 5579.</ref>
 == Design and components ==
@@ Line 20: / Line 22: @@
 == Working principle ==
-During daylight hours, the photovoltaic panel absorbs solar radiation and converts it into direct-current electricity through the photovoltaic effect.<ref>Pastuszak, J., & Węgierek, P. (2022). [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9414585/ Photovoltaic Cell Generations and Current Research Directions for Their Development]. Materials, 15(16), 5542.</ref> The generated electricity is stored in a rechargeable battery through a charge-management circuit.<ref>Lumetro Lighting. (n.d.). [https://www.lumetrolight.com/page/garden-lights.html Garden lights]: Outdoor LED lighting products for landscape and garden applications. Retrieved August 22, 2026</ref>
+During daylight hours, the [[Solar panels portugal|photovoltaic panel]] absorbs solar radiation and converts it into direct-current electricity through the photovoltaic effect.<ref>Pastuszak, J., & Węgierek, P. (2022). [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9414585/ Photovoltaic Cell Generations and Current Research Directions for Their Development]. Materials, 15(16), 5542.</ref> The generated electricity is stored in a rechargeable battery through a charge-management circuit.<ref>Lumetro Lighting. (n.d.). [https://www.lumetrolight.com/page/garden-lights.html Garden lights]: Outdoor LED lighting products for landscape and garden applications. Retrieved August 22, 2026</ref>
 At night, a light sensor or control circuit activates the LED module. The battery supplies electrical energy to the LED driver, which regulates current flow and maintains stable illumination. Because LEDs require relatively low electrical power compared with traditional lamps, solar-powered LED systems can achieve longer operating periods with smaller energy-storage requirements.<ref>Vieira, J. A. B., & Mota, A. M. (2013). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2013/573919 A High-Performance Stand-Alone Solar PV Power System for LED Lighting]. ISRN Renewable Energy, 2013, Article ID 573919.</ref>
 == Applications ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''LED garden light''' is an outdoor illumination device that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the light source and is designed for gardens, pathways, residential landscapes, parks, and decorative outdoor environments.<ref>Rahm, J., & Johansson, M. (2021). [https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/13/4005 Assessment of Outdoor Lighting: Methods for Capturing the Pedestrian Experience in the Field]. ''Energies, 14''(13), 4005.</ref> Modern LED garden lights are commonly powered either by low-voltage electrical systems or by integrated photovoltaic (PV) modules and rechargeable batteries.<ref>Kiwan, S., Abo Mosali, A., & Al-Ghasem, A. (2018). [https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/8/9/119 Smart Solar-Powered LED Outdoor Lighting System Based on the Energy Storage Level in Batteries]. ''Buildings, 8''(9), 119.</ref> Solar-powered LED garden lights have become an important application of small-scale renewable energy systems because they combine photovoltaic energy conversion, energy storage, and high-efficiency solid-state lighting technologies.
+'''Solar garden light''' is an outdoor illumination device that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the light source and is designed for gardens, pathways, residential landscapes, parks, and decorative outdoor environments.<ref>Rahm, J., & Johansson, M. (2021). [https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/13/4005 Assessment of Outdoor Lighting: Methods for Capturing the Pedestrian Experience in the Field]. ''Energies, 14''(13), 4005.</ref> Modern solar garden lights are commonly powered either by low-voltage electrical systems or by integrated photovoltaic (PV) modules and rechargeable batteries.<ref>Kiwan, S., Abo Mosali, A., & Al-Ghasem, A. (2018). [https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/8/9/119 Smart Solar-Powered LED Outdoor Lighting System Based on the Energy Storage Level in Batteries]. ''Buildings, 8''(9), 119.</ref> Solar-powered garden lights have become an important application of small-scale renewable energy systems because they combine photovoltaic energy conversion, energy storage, and high-efficiency solid-state lighting technologies.
 == History and development ==
-The development of LED garden lighting is closely related to advances in semiconductor lighting and photovoltaic technology.<ref>Piprek, J. (2020). [https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/22/5174 Efficiency Models for GaN-based Light-Emitting Diodes: Status and Challenges]. ''Optics, 1''(2), 110–121.</ref> Early outdoor garden lighting mainly relied on incandescent or fluorescent lamps, which required grid electricity and had relatively high energy consumption. The commercialization of high-efficiency LEDs enabled smaller, longer-lasting, and lower-power lighting products suitable for autonomous outdoor applications.<ref>Olajiga, O. K., et al. (2024).“[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379395428_A_COMPREHENSIVE_REVIEW_OF_ENERGY-EFFICIENT_LIGHTING_TECHNOLOGIES_AND_TRENDS A Comprehensive Review of Energy-Efficient Lighting Technologies and Trends.]”Engineering Science and Technology Journal, 5(3), 1097–1111.</ref>
+The development of solar garden lighting is closely related to advances in semiconductor lighting and photovoltaic technology.<ref>Piprek, J. (2020). [https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/22/5174 Efficiency Models for GaN-based Light-Emitting Diodes: Status and Challenges]. ''Optics, 1''(2), 110–121.</ref> Early outdoor garden lighting mainly relied on incandescent or fluorescent lamps, which required grid electricity and had relatively high energy consumption. The commercialization of high-efficiency LEDs enabled smaller, longer-lasting, and lower-power lighting products suitable for autonomous outdoor applications.<ref>Olajiga, O. K., et al. (2024).“[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379395428_A_COMPREHENSIVE_REVIEW_OF_ENERGY-EFFICIENT_LIGHTING_TECHNOLOGIES_AND_TRENDS A Comprehensive Review of Energy-Efficient Lighting Technologies and Trends.]”Engineering Science and Technology Journal, 5(3), 1097–1111.</ref>
 LED technology has been widely adopted because LEDs generate light through electroluminescence, allowing electrical energy to be converted directly into photons with high efficiency.<ref>Bhattarai, T., Ebong, A., & Raja, M. Y. A. (2024). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380803014_A_Review_of_Light-Emitting_Diodes_and_Ultraviolet_Light-Emitting_Diodes_and_Their_Applications A Review of Light-Emitting Diodes and Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes and Their Applications]. Photonics, 11(6), 491.</ref> Recent reviews of LED technology have highlighted improvements in semiconductor materials, optical design, and thermal management as key factors behind the expansion of LED applications.<ref>Lumetro Lighting. (n.d.). Lumetro: [https://www.lumetrolight.com/ Outdoor garden light], LED line light and lighting solutions. Retrieved August 22, 2026</ref>
-Solar-powered LED garden lights emerged from the combination of photovoltaic systems and efficient LED illumination.<ref>Kumar, A., & Kumar, P. (2021). [https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/11746 Autonomous Photovoltaic LED Urban Street Lighting]. Energies, 14(21), 7043.</ref> These systems allow lighting installation in locations where electrical wiring is inconvenient or economically impractical.<ref>Pode, R. (2010). [https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S136403210900241X Solution to enhance the acceptability of solar-powered LED lighting technology]. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14''(3), 1096–1103.</ref> Research on stand-alone photovoltaic LED lighting systems has demonstrated their potential as energy-efficient outdoor lighting solutions.<ref>Vadi, S. (2025). [https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/17/5579 Design and Implementation of an Off-Grid Smart Street Lighting System Using LoRaWAN and Hybrid Renewable Energy for Energy-Efficient Urban Infrastructure]. Sensors, 25(17), 5579.</ref>
+Solar-powered garden lights emerged from the combination of photovoltaic systems and efficient LED illumination.<ref>Kumar, A., & Kumar, P. (2021). [https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/11746 Autonomous Photovoltaic LED Urban Street Lighting]. Energies, 14(21), 7043.</ref> These systems allow lighting installation in locations where electrical wiring is inconvenient or economically impractical.<ref>Pode, R. (2010). [https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S136403210900241X Solution to enhance the acceptability of solar-powered LED lighting technology]. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14''(3), 1096–1103.</ref> Research on stand-alone photovoltaic LED lighting systems has demonstrated their potential as energy-efficient outdoor lighting solutions.<ref>Vadi, S. (2025). [https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/17/5579 Design and Implementation of an Off-Grid Smart Street Lighting System Using LoRaWAN and Hybrid Renewable Energy for Energy-Efficient Urban Infrastructure]. Sensors, 25(17), 5579.</ref>
 == Design and components ==
-A typical LED garden light consists of several major components:
+A typical solar garden light consists of several major components:
 * '''Photovoltaic module:''' converts solar radiation into electrical energy during daytime operation.
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 == Applications ==
-LED garden lights are used in a variety of outdoor environments, including residential gardens and yards, walkways and pedestrian paths, public parks, landscape decoration projects, architectural lighting applications, and remote outdoor areas without access to the electrical grid.<ref>Pereira, M. C., et al. (2021). [https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/11746 Autonomous Photovoltaic LED Urban Street Lighting: Technical, Economic, and Social Viability Analysis Based on a Case Study]. Sustainability, 13(21), 11746.</ref> Beyond their decorative functions, LED garden lights can improve nighttime visibility and contribute to pedestrian safety. The integration of smart control technologies, such as adaptive brightness adjustment and battery-management algorithms, has further expanded their applications in sustainable outdoor lighting systems by improving energy efficiency and operational reliability.<ref>Lumetro Lighting. (n.d.). [https://www.lumetrolight.com/products/outdoor-garden-light.html Outdoor garden light]: LED garden lighting products for outdoor applications. Lumetro Lighting. Retrieved August 22, 2026</ref>
+Solar garden lights are used in a variety of outdoor environments, including residential gardens and yards, walkways and pedestrian paths, public parks, landscape decoration projects, architectural lighting applications, and remote outdoor areas without access to the electrical grid.<ref>Pereira, M. C., et al. (2021). [https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/11746 Autonomous Photovoltaic LED Urban Street Lighting: Technical, Economic, and Social Viability Analysis Based on a Case Study]. Sustainability, 13(21), 11746.</ref> Beyond their decorative functions, solar garden lights can improve nighttime visibility and contribute to pedestrian safety. The integration of smart control technologies, such as adaptive brightness adjustment and battery-management algorithms, has further expanded their applications in sustainable outdoor lighting systems by improving energy efficiency and operational reliability.<ref>Lumetro Lighting. (n.d.). [https://www.lumetrolight.com/products/outdoor-garden-light.html Outdoor garden light]: LED garden lighting products for outdoor applications. Lumetro Lighting. Retrieved August 22, 2026</ref>
 == Limitations ==
-Despite their advantages, LED garden lights also have several limitations.<ref>Al-Ezzi, A. S., & Ansari, M. N. M. (2022). [https://www.mdpi.com/2571-5577/5/4/67 Photovoltaic Solar Cells: A Review]. ''Applied System Innovation, 5''(4), 67.</ref> Their performance is strongly influenced by solar radiation availability, meaning that reduced sunlight during cloudy weather or seasonal changes can affect illumination duration and reliability. In addition, battery degradation over time may reduce energy storage capacity and shorten the operational lifetime of the lighting system.<ref>Lee, M., Park, J., Na, S. I., Choi, H. S., Bu, B. S., & Kim, J. (2020). [https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/9/4/701 An Analysis of Battery Degradation in the Integrated Energy Storage System with Solar Photovoltaic Generation]. Electronics, 9(4), 701.</ref> Small photovoltaic panels may provide insufficient energy during extended periods of low solar irradiance, while the light output of some solar-powered LED garden lights may remain lower than that of permanently grid-powered outdoor lighting systems. Consequently, research on autonomous photovoltaic lighting systems has focused on improving battery management strategies, increasing photovoltaic conversion efficiency, and developing intelligent control methods to enhance system reliability and energy utilization.<ref>Al-Shetwi, A. Q., Magableh, A. M., & Alzaareer, K. (2023). [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/energy-research/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1139255/full Current and future prospective for battery controllers of solar PV integrated battery energy storage systems]. Frontiers in Energy Research, 11, 1139255.</ref>
+Despite their advantages, Solar garden lights also have several limitations.<ref>Al-Ezzi, A. S., & Ansari, M. N. M. (2022). [https://www.mdpi.com/2571-5577/5/4/67 Photovoltaic Solar Cells: A Review]. ''Applied System Innovation, 5''(4), 67.</ref> Their performance is strongly influenced by solar radiation availability, meaning that reduced sunlight during cloudy weather or seasonal changes can affect illumination duration and reliability. In addition, battery degradation over time may reduce energy storage capacity and shorten the operational lifetime of the lighting system.<ref>Lee, M., Park, J., Na, S. I., Choi, H. S., Bu, B. S., & Kim, J. (2020). [https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/9/4/701 An Analysis of Battery Degradation in the Integrated Energy Storage System with Solar Photovoltaic Generation]. Electronics, 9(4), 701.</ref> Small photovoltaic panels may provide insufficient energy during extended periods of low solar irradiance, while the light output of some solar-powered garden lights may remain lower than that of permanently grid-powered outdoor lighting systems. Consequently, research on autonomous photovoltaic lighting systems has focused on improving battery management strategies, increasing photovoltaic conversion efficiency, and developing intelligent control methods to enhance system reliability and energy utilization.<ref>Al-Shetwi, A. Q., Magableh, A. M., & Alzaareer, K. (2023). [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/energy-research/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1139255/full Current and future prospective for battery controllers of solar PV integrated battery energy storage systems]. Frontiers in Energy Research, 11, 1139255.</ref>
 == References ==

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 {{Opportunity
-|OD Title=Calling all Clean Cooking Innovators
+|OD Title=Cookstoves Call for Solutions
 |OD Orga=The Solar Impulse Foundation
 |OD Type=Others

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 |Country=Switzerland
 |Location=Palexpo, Geneva, Switzerland
-|URL=https://forms.reg.buzz/AidEx-2026-Development2030/?dm_i=7JM7,CRAC,2WKNO1,1QS3Y,1,0,0,0
+|URL=https://aid-expo.com/
 |Event description=International development is being tested by a more complex global environment, with progress under pressure across multiple fronts. Stronger partnerships, more locally informed approaches, and better use of finance and innovation will be critical to delivering long-term impact.